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In spring water naturally low in chloride (5\u00a0mg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), plasma nitrite concentrated to more than 40\u00d7 environmental levels resulting in a severe methaemoglobinemia characterized by torpid behaviour, 30\u2010fold increase in methaemoglobin fraction, anaemia, leucopenia and hyperkalaemia. Loss of intracellular water and potassium to extracellular space may have resulted in hyperkalaemia and haemodilution. Fish survived nitrite exposure, but 60% of torpid fish died following capture and tissue sampling. Fish acclimated to 10\u2010fold higher chloride content (55\u00a0mg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) did not concentrate nitrite in the plasma above environmental levels or develop methaemoglobinemia, but did exhibit similar haematology and plasma chemistry changes. Plasma nitrite returned to preexposure levels by 14\u00a0days following nitrite exposures, but severity of clinical pathology changes persisted or increased, suggesting that Atlantic sturgeon have reduced capacity to recover from methaemoglobinemia. Fish that survive methaemoglobinemia may be susceptible to mortality from the cumulative effects of intoxication, handling and other stresses for two or more weeks following nitrite remediation. Chloride buffering in aquaculture systems reduces the toxic effects of nitrite accumulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2012.01418.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1347544586000},"page":"873-885","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of chloride on nitrite\u2010induced methaemoglobinemia in Atlantic sturgeon,<i>Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus<\/i>(Mitchill)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"M A","family":"Matsche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Oxford Laboratory Oxford MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Markin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Restoration Ecology Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Cambridge MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Hengst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Restoration Ecology Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Cambridge MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Lazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Extension\u2010Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Maryland College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(84)90083-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Atlantic Sturgeon Status Review Team(2007)Status review of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). 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