{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T15:46:47Z","timestamp":1789228007273,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]],"date-time":"2004-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1089590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Evidence is needed for the best long\u2010term diet for weight loss, and improvement in cardiac risk and disease in obese adults.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in any language. We searched 13 databases and handsearched journals. Trials lasted 1\u2003year or more. One investigator extracted the data and a second checked data extraction. Trial quality was assessed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Low fat diets (LFDs) produced significant weight losses up to 36\u2003months (\u22123.55\u2003kg; 95% CI, \u22124.54 to \u22122.55\u2003kg). Blood pressure, lipids and fasting plasma glucose improved with these diets after 12\u2003months. Four studies found that LFDs may prevent type 2 diabetes and reduce antihypertensive medication for up to 3\u2003years. A very low calorie diet (VLCD, &lt;4.2\u2003MJ\u2003day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) was associated with the most weight loss after 12\u2003months (\u221213.40\u2003kg; 95% CI, \u221218.43 to \u22128.37\u2003kg) in one small study with beneficial effects on asthma. There was no evidence that low carbohydrate protein sparing modified fasts (PSMFs) were associated with greater long\u2010term weight loss than low calorie diets (LCDs, 4.2\u20136.7\u2003MJ\u2003day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) or VLCDs. PSMFs were, however, associated with greater lowering of fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c than LCDs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> Little evidence supports the use of diets other than LFDs for weight reduction. With the increasing prevalence of morbid obesity, long\u2010term follow\u2010up in RCTs is needed to evaluate the effect of LCDs, VLCDs and PSMFs more fully.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277x.2004.00531.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]],"date-time":"2004-07-12T14:58:51Z","timestamp":1089644331000},"page":"317-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["What are the long\u2010term benefits of weight reducing diets in adults? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Avenell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Broom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. T.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. C. S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_36_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1530"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08037059509077619"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_4_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Oslo Diet and Exercise Study: a one\u2010year randomized intervention trial. Effect on hemostatic variables and other coronary risk factors","volume":"5","author":"Anderssen S.A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1996.22848000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2000.00004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta8210"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_9_1","first-page":"S179","article-title":"Effect of dietary change on the return of hypertension after withdrawal of prolonged antihypertensive therapy (DISH). Dietary Intervention Study of Hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Blaufox M.D.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116100"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_11_1","volume-title":"The Cochrane Library","author":"Clarke M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_12_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Weight reduction in obese hypertensive patients","volume":"23","author":"Cohen M.D.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(89)90016-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.19.4.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410150051005","article-title":"Reduction in long\u2010term antihypertensive medication requirements. Effects of weight reduction by dietary intervention in overweight persons with mild hypertension","volume":"153","author":"Davis B.R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/7.10.926"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_17_1","volume-title":"Health survey for England 2002","author":"Department of Health","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6964.1286"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.2.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)91370-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.4.752"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_22_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"The effect of weight loss by dieting or exercise on resting metabolic rate in overweight men","volume":"14","author":"Frey\u2010Hewitt B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_23_1","first-page":"33A","article-title":"An energy deficit approach to weight management during nutritional counselling post myocardial infarction","volume":"60","author":"Hankey C.R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-277X.2002.00397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/7.8.679","article-title":"Plasma renin predicts success of antihypertensive drug withdrawal","volume":"7","author":"Ho G.Y.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_26_1","first-page":"568","article-title":"Hypertension Prevention Trial. 3\u2003Year Results","volume":"78","author":"Hypertension Prevention Trial Research Group","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390130131021"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.9.3.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7061(96)00183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(99)00123-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7061(96)00181-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02893802"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390120085017","article-title":"Diet vs exercise in weight maintenance. The effects of minimal intervention strategies on long\u2010term outcomes in men","volume":"149","author":"King A.C.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350290063027","article-title":"Dietary therapy slows the return of hypertension after stopping prolonged medication","volume":"253","author":"Langford H.G.","year":"1985","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.17.2.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.2.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1523"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_38_1","volume-title":"Tackling Obesity in England. Report by the Controller and Auditor General","author":"National Audit Office","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_39_1","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2001). Available from:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes.htm(accessed on June 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.5.1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_41_1","volume-title":"The Cochrane Library","author":"Pirozzo S.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_42_1","volume-title":"The body composition diet and exercise study","author":"Pritchard J.E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_43_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Bone loss accompanying weight loss: a randomised controlled weight loss study using diet and exercise","volume":"19","author":"Pritchard J.E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_44_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Body composition following diet\u2010induced and\/or exercise\u2010induced weight loss: a randomised controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Pritchard J.E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_45_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Bone loss accompanying diet\u2010induced or exercise\u2010induced weight loss: a randomised controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Pritchard J.E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(97)00015-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.5.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.34504"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.240"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(91)90007-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)01467-X","article-title":"Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT): Food pattern changes resulting from intervention on sodium, potassium, and energy intake","volume":"90","author":"Shah M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-10.3.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_54_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"The low\u2010carb diet craze","volume":"154","author":"Stein J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Time"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7238.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00339-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.619"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/6.12.1055","article-title":"Effect of withdrawal of antihypertensive drug on depressive mood","volume":"6","author":"Thaler L.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800507"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800816"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(93)90005-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80361-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199305000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.54.4.482","article-title":"Controlled trial of very low calorie diet, behavior therapy, and their combination in the treatment of obesity","volume":"54","author":"Wadden T.A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_66_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Less food, less hunger: reports of appetite and symptoms in a controlled study of a protein\u2010sparing modified fast","volume":"11","author":"Wadden T.A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.925","article-title":"Three\u2010year follow\u2010up of the treatment of obesity by very low calorie diet, behavior therapy, and their combination","volume":"56","author":"Wadden T.A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_68_1","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Treatment of obesity by very low calorie diet, behavior therapy, and their combination: a five\u2010year perspective","volume":"13","author":"Wadden T.A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.1.165","article-title":"One\u2010year behavioral treatment of obesity: comparison of moderate and severe caloric restriction and the effects of weight maintenance therapy","volume":"62","author":"Wadden T.A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)03627-0","article-title":"Effective dietary intervention in hypertensives: sodium restriction and weight reduction","volume":"85","author":"Wassertheil\u2010Smoller S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_36_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-8-613"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.4.1293"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(92)90082-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90277-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90210-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.5.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(84)90086-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400070100012"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90302-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80080-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_81_1","volume-title":"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Social Survey Division. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults","author":"Wiseman M.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198811033191801"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_83_1","first-page":"773A","article-title":"Exercise offsets adverse lipoprotein effects of a \u2018heart healthy\u2019 diet for weight loss","volume":"9","author":"Wood P.D.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_36_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108153250703"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-277X.2004.00531.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2004.00531.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T11:51:48Z","timestamp":1697111508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2004.00531.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2004.00531.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-277x.2004.00531.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3871","1365-277X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3871","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-277X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-07-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}