{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:47:16Z","timestamp":1787669236459,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,17]],"date-time":"2005-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1105920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Internal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background.\u2002<\/jats:bold> Loop diuretics (LD) are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and disorders with fluid accumulation. LD are known to increase renal calcium losses and may thereby affect calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective.\u2002<\/jats:bold> We studied to what extent long\u2010term treatment with LD affects calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design and subjects.\u2002<\/jats:bold> In a cross\u2010sectional design we compared 140 postmenopausal women treated with a LD for more than 2\u2003years with 140 age\u2010matched women not in diuretic therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.\u2002<\/jats:bold> Treatment with LD was associated with significantly increased urinary calcium, plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25\u2010dihydroxyvitamin D levels. Per 40\u2003mg\u2003day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of furosemide, urinary calcium was increased by 17% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) and plasma PTH levels were increased by 28% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003= 0.04). Users of LD had a 17% higher body weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) compared with nonusers. This was due to a 32% higher fat mass (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) and a 6% higher lean tissue mass (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Moreover, users of LD had a higher bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine (+7.5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001), hip (+4.8%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.004), forearm (+3.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.01) and whole body (+2.5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.06). However, after adjustment for body weight differences, BMD did not differ between groups. Nevertheless, duration of LD treatment was positively associated with BMD at the spine (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.03) and whole body (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). BMD at the spine increases by 0.3% per 1\u2003year of treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.\u2002<\/jats:bold> The increased renal calcium losses in users of LD are compensated for by a PTH\u2010dependent increase in 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D levels. Thereby calcium balance remains neutral without major effects on bone metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01434.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,17]],"date-time":"2005-01-17T12:00:11Z","timestamp":1105963211000},"page":"176-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Effects of long\u2010term treatment with loop diuretics on bone mineral density, calcitropic hormones and bone turnover"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"257","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"REJNMARK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"VESTERGAARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"HEICKENDORFF","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"ANDREASEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"MOSEKILDE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","volume-title":"Medicinal Product Statistics 1995\u20131999","author":"The Danish Medicines Agency","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Furosemide therapy and intact parathyroid hormone plasma concentrations in chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"7","author":"Reichel H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","first-page":"152","article-title":"Hyperparathyrodism in idiopathic hypercalciuria: primary or secondary","volume":"84","author":"Coe FL","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2003.01103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000183290"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2001.00883.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080604"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-1-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6524.861"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121839.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","first-page":"S82","article-title":"Assessment of calcium intake. 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