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Recent research has shown that postpartum motherhood enhances both nurturing behaviour and oxytocin activities. The transmembrane glycoprotein, CD38, is expressed on many neuronal cells and has been shown to play a role in social behaviours through stimulating the release of oxytocin in the hypothalamus. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of reproductive experience (primi\u2010 and multiparity, dams and sires) on the degree of parental behaviour, such as retrieval. Comparisons were performed between wild\u2010type (<jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>) and <jats:italic>Cd38<\/jats:italic> knockout (<jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) mice of the ICR strain. Multiparous <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> dams retrieved pups much faster than primiparous mice, whereas there were no significant differences between primi\u2010 and multiparous <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> dams. Plasma oxytocin levels were significantly increased in multiparous dams of both genotypes. In addition, oxytocin levels in the hypothalamus and pituitary were lower in <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> than in wild\u2010type mice. ADP\u2010ribosyl cyclase activity in the hypothalamus, but not in the pituitary, was slightly increased in <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> dams. In an identical test, 40% of first\u2010time <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> sires showed retrieval. The time required to retrieval was shorter in second\u2010time <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> sires. Both first\u2010 and second\u2010time <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> sires showed only 10% retrieval behaviour. These results indicate that parental behaviour is improved by reproductive experience, especially in <jats:italic>Cd38\u200a<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> dams, and suggest that these effects may be a result of increased oxytocin levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02136.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]],"date-time":"2011-04-18T12:02:20Z","timestamp":1303128140000},"page":"1125-1133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Reproductive Experience Affects Parental Retrieval Behaviour Associated with Increased Plasma Oxytocin Levels in Wild\u2010Type and Cd38\u2010Knockout Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Lopatina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Inzhutova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. 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