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In particular, in rodents and other species, ovulation is triggered by a surge in pituitary luteinising hormone (LH) secretion that is governed by a complex interaction between circadian signals arising in the hypothalamus and ovarian\u2010derived oestradiol signals acting on multiple brain circuitries. These circadian and hormonal pathways converge to stimulate a precisely\u2010timed surge in gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (GnRH) release (i.e. positive\u2010feedback), thereby triggering the preovulatory LH surge. Reflecting its control by afferent circadian signals, the preovulatory LH surge occurs at a specific time of day, typically late afternoon in nocturnal rodents. Although the specific mechanisms mediating the hormonal and circadian regulation of GnRH\/LH release have remained poorly understood, recent findings now suggest that oestradiol and circadian signals govern specific reproductive neuropeptide circuits in the hypothalamus, including the newly\u2010identified kisspeptin and RFamide\u2010related peptide (RFRP)\u20103 neuronal populations. Neurones producing kisspeptin, the protein product of the <jats:italic>Kiss1<\/jats:italic> gene, and RFRP\u20103 have been shown to provide excitatory and inhibitory input to GnRH neurones, respectively, and are also influenced by sex steroid and circadian signals. In the present review, we integrate classic and recent findings to form a new working model for the neuroendocrine regulation of the circadian\u2010timed preovulatory LH surge in rodents. This model proposes kisspeptin and RFRP\u20103 neuronal populations as key nodal points for integrating and transducing circadian and hormonal signals to the reproductive axis, thereby governing the precisely\u2010timed LH surge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02162.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]],"date-time":"2011-05-18T12:52:09Z","timestamp":1305723129000},"page":"131-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["The Role of Kisspeptin and RFamide\u2010Related Peptide\u20103 Neurones in the Circadian\u2010Timed Preovulatory Luteinising Hormone Surge"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"A. R.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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