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The sheep has been extensively used to characterise the time\u2010measurement mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. Melatonin, secreted only during the night, acts as the endocrine transducer of the photoperiodic message. The present review is concerned with the endocrine mechanisms of seasonal reproduction in sheep and the evidence that long day length and thyroid hormones are mandatory to their proper timing. Recent evidence for a circadian\u2010based molecular mechanism within the pars tuberalis of the pituitary, which ties the short duration melatonin signal reflecting long day length to the hypothalamic increase of triiodothyronine (T3) through a thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone\/deiodinase2 paracrine mechanism is presented and evaluated in this context. A parallel is also drawn with the golden hamster, a long\u2010day breeder, aiming to demonstrate that features of seasonality appear to be phylogenetically conserved. 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