{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T03:11:32Z","timestamp":1767841892766,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>In utero<\/jats:italic> exposure of the female foetus to androgens during development disrupts the reproductive axis and results in hypersecretion of luteinising hormone (LH) (but not follicle\u2010stimulating hormone) in postnatal life. Abnormalities in the neural circuits controlling hypothalamic gonadotrophin\u2010releasing hormone have been documented; however, androgens could also programme abnormalities in the pituitary gland. Ovine foetuses were exposed to either testosterone propionate or the non\u2010aromatisable androgen dihydro\u2010testosterone from days 30\u201390 of gestation (term 147\u2003days) and the effects on the functional morphology of the pituitary were determined. Exogenous testosterone propionate exposure resulted in pituitary glands in adult male and female sheep that were 40% heavier than controls. Because this effect was not observed in the dihydro\u2010testosterone\u2010exposed animals, these actions are mediated via the oestrogen receptor (ER). No significant differences were apparent in 90\u2010 or 140\u2010day foetuses. There was no difference between control and androgen\u2010exposed animals in the density of LH\u03b2 or ER\u03b1 immunoreactive cells in the pituitary although the density of follicle\u2010stimulating hormone\u2010\u03b2 immunoreactive cells was lower in the testosterone\u2010treated animals. The percentage of cells co\u2010localising LH\u03b2 and ER\u03b1 was lower in the testosterone\u2010treated ewes and this may, in part, explain a reduced ability to respond to steroid feedback. Thus, enlargement of the pituitary gland, coupled with a reduced sensitivity to oestrogen negative\u2010feedback, may contribute to the hyper\u2010secretion of LH observed in animals that have been exposed to excess androgens during foetal life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02264.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]],"date-time":"2011-12-02T00:03:17Z","timestamp":1322784197000},"page":"434-442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Developmental Programming: Prenatal Androgen Exposure Alters the Gonadotroph Population of the Ovine Pituitary Gland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"J. E.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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