{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T07:48:19Z","timestamp":1770968899384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,21]],"date-time":"2012-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"The neurohormone arginine vasotocin (AVT<\/jats:styled-content>) in non mammalian vertebrates is homologous to arginine vasopressin (AVP<\/jats:styled-content>) in mammals. Its actions are mediated viaG<\/jats:styled-content>protein\u2010coupled receptors that belong to the vasotocin\/mesotocin family. Because of the known regulatory effects of nonapeptide hormones on anterior pituitary functions, receptor subtypes in that family have been proposed to be located in anterior pituitary cells. Recently, an avian vasotocin receptor subtype designatedVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>has been cloned, which shares 69% sequence homology with a human vasopressin receptor, theV<\/jats:styled-content>1aR<\/jats:styled-content>. In the present study, a polyclonal antibody to theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>was developed and validated to confirm its specificity to theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>. The antibody was used to test the hypothesis that theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>is present in the avian anterior pituitary and is specifically associated with certain cell types, where its expression is modulated by acute stress. Western blotting of membrane protein extracts from pituitary tissue, the use ofH<\/jats:styled-content>eL<\/jats:styled-content>a cells transfected with theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>and peptide competition assays all confirmed the specificity of the antibody to theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>. Dual\u2010labelling immunofluorescence microscopy was utilised to identify pituitary cell types that contained immunoreactiveVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>. The receptor was found to be widely distributed throughout the cephalic lobe but not in the caudal lobe of the anterior pituitary. ImmunoreactiveVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>was associated with corticotrophs. Approximately 89% of immunolabelled corticotrophs were shown to contain theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>. The immunoreactiveVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>was not found in gonadotrophs, somatotrophs or lactotrophs. To determine a possible functional role of theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>and previously characterisedVT<\/jats:styled-content>2R<\/jats:styled-content>, gene expression levels in the anterior pituitary were determined after acute immobilisation stress by quantitative reverse transcriptase\u2010polymerase chain reaction. The results showed a significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels (three\u2010 to four\u2010fold), a significant reduction ofVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>and an increase ofVT<\/jats:styled-content>2R<\/jats:styled-content>mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>(P\u00a0<\u00a00.05) in acutely immobilised chicks compared to controls. The data suggest a role of theVT<\/jats:styled-content>4R<\/jats:styled-content>in the avian stress response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02370.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T14:23:12Z","timestamp":1343744592000},"page":"56-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Distribution of the Vasotocin Subtype Four Receptor (VT<\/scp>4R<\/scp>) in the Anterior Pituitary Gland of the Chicken,G<\/scp>allus gallus<\/i>, and its Possible Role in the Avian Stress Response"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Selvam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Jurkevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cytology Research Core Facility University of Missouri Columbia MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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