{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T11:53:35Z","timestamp":1761393215976},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep\u2013wakefulness (S\u2013W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long\u2010term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral\/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo\u2010pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S\u2013W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non\u2010rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W\/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W\/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo\u2010pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat <jats:italic>only<\/jats:italic> shows <jats:italic>pressure<\/jats:italic> for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance\/withdrawal effects of long\u2010term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are <jats:italic>supported<\/jats:italic> by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4\u20135\u2003days after ablation. Therefore, <jats:italic>true<\/jats:italic> NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre\u2010 and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic <jats:italic>REMS\/atypical NREMS<\/jats:italic> rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity\/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15\u201320\u2003days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low\u2010voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only <jats:italic>atypical<\/jats:italic> NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate\u2010sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic\/behavioral features of their S\u2013W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S\u2013W <jats:italic>system<\/jats:italic> is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well\u2010defined rostro\u2010caudal manner; the rostral\u2010most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex\/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic\/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but <jats:italic>true<\/jats:italic> NREMS\u2010 and REMS\u2010generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S\u2013W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic\/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations\/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS <jats:italic>pressure<\/jats:italic> after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W\u2010 and S\u2010promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S\u2013W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W\/arousal\/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self\u2010limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S\u2013W processes and downstream control of the lower S\u2013W system levels is emphasized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00412.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1094036410000},"page":"179-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep\u2013waking system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jaime R.","family":"Villablanca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_35_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00251.1984","article-title":"Increased glucose metabolism during long\u2010duration recurrent inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal cells","volume":"4","author":"Ackerman R. 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