{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T15:06:52Z","timestamp":1792940812872,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]],"date-time":"2004-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Daytime tiredness or sleepiness and deficits in cognitive performance are common complaints in sleep disordered patients. Till now there are few studies comparing patients from different diagnostic groups of sleep disorders in the same experimental protocol. We studied the time course of cognitive functions and subjective alertness in a parallel group design with four groups of patients [narcolepsy, untreated or treated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or psychophysiological insomnia] and a control group of subjects without sleep complaints. Each group consisted of 10 subjects, matched for age and gender. After a night with polysomnography, subjects were studied for 10\u2003h from 08:00\u2003hours to 18:00\u2003hours at 20\u2003min intervals under standardized environmental conditions. Four psychological tests were applied, (1) a critical flicker fusion (CFF) test to measure optical fusion threshold (alertness); (2) a paper\u2010and\u2010pencil visual line tracking test (selective attention); (3) a visual analog scale (VAS) for tiredness\/sleepiness; and (4) the Tiredness Symptoms Scale (TSS), a 14 items check list. Each test session lasted for 8\u2003min, followed by a 12\u2003min pause. The level and time course of cognitive performance and self\u2010rating data were analysed with hierarchical linear mixed effects models. Cognitive tests showed decrements in alertness and selective attention in untreated patients with insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Narcoleptic patients and untreated OSA had a lower CFF threshold than controls, and for narcoleptic patients the time course differed from that of all other groups. In the visual tracking test the performance of all groups of patients was worse compared with normal controls. Self\u2010rated tiredness\/sleepiness was significantly more pronounced in the three groups of untreated patients than in control subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00427.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]],"date-time":"2004-11-22T14:44:43Z","timestamp":1101134683000},"page":"373-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Daytime variation in performance and tiredness\/sleepiness ratings in patients with insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea and normal controls"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Fulda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_24_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246237"},{"key":"e_1_2_24_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019541"},{"key":"e_1_2_24_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"e_1_2_24_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639108405110"},{"key":"e_1_2_24_6_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Sleep\u2010Wake Research in The Netherlands, Vol. 3","author":"Bes F.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_24_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109442802237116"},{"key":"e_1_2_24_8_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"La fr\u00e9quence critique de fusion visuelle en psychopathologie et en psychopharmacologie. 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