{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:40:08Z","timestamp":1791499208555,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,17]],"date-time":"2007-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sleep disturbances are important correlates of depression, with epidemiologic research heretofore focused on insomnia and sleepiness. This epidemiologic study\u2019s aim was to investigate, in a community sample, depression\u2019s relationships to other sleep disturbances: sleep paralysis (SP), hypnagogic\/hypnopompic hallucinations (HH), cataplexy \u2013 considered rapid eye movement\u2010related disturbances \u2013 and automatic behavior (AB). Although typical of narcolepsy, these disturbances are prevalent, albeit under\u2010studied, in the population. Cross\u2010sectional analyses (1998\u20132002), based on Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study population\u2010based data from 866 participants (mean age 54, 53% male), examined: depression (Zung Self\u2010Rating Depression Scale), trait anxiety (Spielberger State\u2010Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI\u2010T\u2003\u2265\u200375th percentile), and self\u2010reported sleep disturbances. Descriptive sleep data were obtained by overnight polysomnography. Adjusted logistic regression models estimated depression\u2019s associations with each (&gt;few times ever) outcome \u2013 SP, HH, AB, and cataplexy. Depression\u2019s associations with self\u2010reported SP and cataplexy were not explained by anxiety. After anxiety adjustment, severe depression (Zung \u226555), vis\u2010\u00e0\u2010vis Zung &lt;50, increased SP odds \u223c500% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0008). Depression (Zung \u226550), after stratification by anxiety given an interaction (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.02), increased self\u2010reported cataplexy odds in non\u2010anxious (OR 8.9, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0008) but not anxious (OR 1.1, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.82) participants. Insomnia and sleepiness seemed only partial mediators or confounders for depression\u2019s associations with self\u2010reported cataplexy and SP. Anxiety (OR 1.9, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.04) partially explained depression\u2019s (Zung \u226555) association with HH (OR 2.2, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.08). Anxiety (OR 1.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.02) was also more related than depression to AB. Recognizing depression\u2019s relationships to oft\u2010neglected sleep disturbances, most notably SP, might assist in better characterizing depression and the full range of its associated sleep problems in the population. Longitudinal studies are warranted to elucidate mediators and causality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00600.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,18]],"date-time":"2007-08-18T08:14:03Z","timestamp":1187424843000},"page":"297-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Depression: relationships to sleep paralysis and other sleep disturbances in a community sample"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"MARIANA","family":"SZKLO\u2010COXE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TERRY","family":"YOUNG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LAUREL","family":"FINN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EMMANUEL","family":"MIGNOT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(82)90058-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(84)80007-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Validation of a cataplexy questionnaire in 983 sleep disorders patients","volume":"22","author":"Anic\u2010Labat S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.8.1423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"649","article-title":"Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects","volume":"78","author":"Bell C. 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