{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T18:04:06Z","timestamp":1772561046500,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,21]],"date-time":"2012-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1332288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have developed a new psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) metric for quantifying the effects of sleep loss on performance impairment. The new metric quantifies performance impairment by estimating the probability density of response times (RTs) in a PVT session, and then considering deviations of the density relative to that of a baseline\u2010session density. Results from a controlled laboratory study involving 12 healthy adults subjected to 85\u2003h of extended wakefulness, followed by 12\u2003h of recovery sleep, revealed that the group performance variability based on the new metric remained relatively uniform throughout wakefulness. In contrast, the variability of PVT lapses, mean RT, median RT and (to a lesser extent) mean speed showed strong time\u2010of\u2010day effects, with the PVT lapse variability changing with time of day depending on the selected threshold. Our analysis suggests that the new metric captures more effectively the homeostatic and circadian process underlying sleep regulation than the other metrics, both directly in terms of larger effect sizes (4\u201361% larger) and indirectly through improved fits to the two\u2010process model (9\u201367% larger coefficient of determination). Although the trend of the mean speed results followed those of the new metric, we found that mean speed yields significantly smaller (\u223c50%) intersubject performance variance than the other metrics. Based on these findings, and that the new metric considers performance changes based on the entire set of responses relative to a baseline, we conclude that it provides a number of potential advantages over the traditional PVT metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01008.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]],"date-time":"2012-03-22T21:29:16Z","timestamp":1332451756000},"page":"659-674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A new metric for quantifying performance impairment on the psychomotor vigilance test"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"SRINIVASAN","family":"RAJARAMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SRIDHAR","family":"RAMAKRISHNAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DAVID","family":"THORSLEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NANCY J.","family":"WESENSTEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"THOMAS J.","family":"BALKIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JAQUES","family":"REIFMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1982.10477764","article-title":"The rank version of von Neumann\u2019s ratio test for randomness","volume":"77","author":"Bartels R.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Asscoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"A two process model of sleep regulation","volume":"1","author":"Borb\u00e9ly A. A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum. Neurobiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x","article-title":"An analysis of transformations","volume":"26","author":"Box G. E. P.","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B. Met."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction","author":"Chatfield C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200977"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Sustained attention performance during sleep deprivation: Evidence of state instability","volume":"139","author":"Doran S. M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives Italiennes De Biologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Sleep Deprivation. Clinical Issues, Pharmacology, and Sleep Loss Effects","author":"Dorrian J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"1059","article-title":"The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task","volume":"28","author":"Drummond S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2003.813506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Meta\u2010analysis","author":"Hedges L. V.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014849"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00574.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.61115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00877.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.10.1377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.5.448","article-title":"Enforced 24\u2010hour recovery following sleep deprivation","volume":"14","author":"Rosenthal L.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3324-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"Optimization of biomathematical model predictions of cognitive performance impairment in individuals: accounting for unknown traits and uncertain states in homeostatic and circadian processes","volume":"27","author":"Van Dongen H. P. A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03214357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00468.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Biostatistical Analysis","author":"Zar J. H.","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2869.2012.01008.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01008.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T21:27:29Z","timestamp":1713734849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01008.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,21]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01008.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01008.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1105","1365-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,21]]}}}