{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T02:03:55Z","timestamp":1778724235494,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,27]],"date-time":"2006-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent findings demonstrate that priming by levamisole of weaned pigs experimentally vaccinated against postweaning colibacillosis (PWC) contributes to immune protection from challenge\u2010induced clinical disease through stimulation of the mesenteric lymph node cells that participate in cell\u2010mediated immunity. With the objective of better understanding the mechanisms by which levamisole induces protective mucosal cell\u2010mediated immune response to vaccination against PWC, it was tested whether the drug synergizes experimental F4ac<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>oral vaccine in stimulating T cells also in the jejunal lamina propria (JLP) and ileal Peyer's patch (IPP) upon virulent challenge. Commercial crossbred pigs weaned at 4\u2003weeks were allocated into two equal groups. The experimental group was i.m. primed with levamisole at an immunostimulatory dose of 2.5\u2003mg\/kg once daily, for 3 consecutive days, and controls received saline. Both groups were vaccinated orally with the vaccinal<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strain on day 0 and challenged with the virulent<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strain 7\u2003days later. All pigs were killed on postchallenge day 6. The results determined by immunophenotyping of isolated cells indicate that priming by levamisole of the vaccinated weaned pigs selectively recruited and activated T cells in the IPP, a lymphoid organ\u2010generating B lymphocytes. The pig IPP is normally populated with up to 5% of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and CD6 is an activation antigen expressed exclusively by T cells in swine. Therefore, a significantly higher number of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01) and CD6<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) cells observed within the IPP follicles of the primed\u2010vaccinated vs. unprimed\u2010vaccinated challenge\u2010infected pigs suggest enhanced T cell\u2010mediated immunity in this B\u2010cell compartment induced by the potentiating action of the drug and vaccine. The ability of levamisole to influence interaction between activated T cells and B cells in the IPP of primed\u2010vaccinated weaned pigs, and the possibility that this interaction plays a role in regulating B\u2010cell maturation within the IPP follicles, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00731.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]],"date-time":"2006-04-28T10:44:12Z","timestamp":1146221052000},"page":"199-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Levamisole synergizes experimental F4ac<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>oral vaccine in stimulating ileal Peyer's patch T cells in weaned 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