{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:16:24Z","timestamp":1791231384752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,13]],"date-time":"2007-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1176422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the pharmacokinetics and physiologic effects of two infusions rates of morphine in conscious dogs. Five adult dogs were randomly studied at weekly intervals. An initial dose of either 0.3 or 0.6\u2003mg\/kg were each followed by infusions of 0.17 and 0.34\u2003mg\/kg\/h. Plasma morphine concentrations, physiological parameters, sedation and mechanical antinociception were evaluated during each infusion. Morphine was assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical coulometric detection and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Data were fitted to a bi\u2010compartment model with a rapid distribution (&lt;1\u2003min for both doses) and slower termination rate. For the high and low doses, respectively, mean\u2003\u00b1\u2003SD terminal half\u2010life was 38\u2003\u00b1\u20035 and 27\u2003\u00b1\u200314\u2003min, apparent volumes of distribution at steady\u2010state were 1.9\u2003\u00b1\u20030.5 and 1.3\u2003\u00b1\u20030.8\u2003L\/kg, with clearances of 50\u2003\u00b1\u200315 and 67\u2003\u00b1\u200320\u2003mL\/kg\/min. Steady\u2010state plasma concentrations ranged from 93 to 180\u2003ng\/mL and 45 to 80\u2003ng\/mL in the high and low doses, respectively. Respiratory rate increased significantly, pulse oximetry remained &gt;95% and body temperature decreased significantly during both infusions. No vomition or neuroexcitation occurred. Sedation and mechanical antinociception were both mild during the lower infusion rate, and mild to moderate during the higher infusion rate. In conclusion, morphine pharmacokinetics was not altered by increasing infusion rates, producing stable, long\u2010lasting plasma concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00849.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,7]],"date-time":"2007-05-07T13:01:51Z","timestamp":1178542911000},"page":"224-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of two intravenous infusion rates of morphine in conscious dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"A. G. 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