{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:29:04Z","timestamp":1775755744669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]],"date-time":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Jones, S. G., Kamunde, C., Lemke, K., Stevens, E. D. The dose\u2013response relation for the antinociceptive effect of morphine in a fish, rainbow trout.<jats:italic>J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<jats:bold>35<\/jats:bold>, 563\u2013570.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There have been suggestions that analgesics be used by fish researchers. But in the absence of dose\u2013response data for morphine, this suggestion seems imprudent. The purpose of the present study was to develop a dose\u2013response relationship in fish using six doses of morphine. The response (movement of the fins or tail) to a noxious stimulus (electrical shock to the face region) was monitored before and after a dose of morphine intraperitoneally (i.p.). The i.p. dose of morphine ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>in rainbow trout was 6.7\u2003\u00b1\u20030.8\u2003mg\/kg (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200312 at each dose). The plasma morphine concentration EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>was 4.1\u2003\u00b1\u20031.5\u2003mg\/L. In a second experiment, rainbow trout tested with equal amounts of morphine and naloxone (30\u2003mg\/kg) showed that the antinociceptive effect of morphine was blocked by naloxone. It has been suggested that stress\u2010induced analgesia has been a confounding factor in some fish studies. However, plasma cortisol levels in our study indicated that stress was not a confounding factor in the present experiments. The ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>for morphine in fish was higher than that reported for humans or other mammals. Our observation showing a dose\u2013response relation for morphine using a noxious stimulus supports arguments for its effectiveness as an antinociceptive drug in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01363.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,9]],"date-time":"2012-01-09T20:38:50Z","timestamp":1326141530000},"page":"563-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The dose\u2013response relation for the antinociceptive effect of morphine in a fish, rainbow trout"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"S. 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