{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:35:18Z","timestamp":1777631718809,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,18]],"date-time":"2007-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1176854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>summary<\/jats:sc>.\u2002<\/jats:bold> To determine whether the clinical and immunological expression of patients with cryoglobulinaemia associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection varied according to HCV\u2010RNA load, HCV genotype or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. We studied 340 HCV patients (188 women and 152 men, with a mean age of 49\u2003years) consecutively diagnosed with cryoglobulinaemia between 1993 and 2003 in our hospital. HCV infection was confirmed by serum HCV\u2010RNA determination in all patients. Two hundred and forty\u2010eight (73%) patients had asymptomatic cryoglobulinaemia and 92 (27%) presented cryoglobulinaemic symptoms. Patients with genotype 1 had a higher mean age at diagnosis of cryoglobulinaemia (48.2 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 40.2\u2003yrs, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) and a higher prevalence of cryoglobulinaemic symptoms (25%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 10%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.02), especially of vasculitic features (19%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.014). In comparison with monoinfected HCV patients, those with HIV coinfection had a lower mean age at diagnosis of cryoglobulinaemia (40.4 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 52.8\u2003years, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001), a lower prevalence of cryoglobulinaemic symptoms (15%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 34%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001), vasculitis (10%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 28%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001), associated systemic autoimmune disease (3%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 14%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.001), rheumatoid factor (30%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 70%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.001) and hypocomplementaemia (50%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 78%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.01). In HCV\u2013HIV patients, a high viral load was associated with a high frequency of symptomatic cryoglobulinaemia, especially in patients with a high viral load of the two viruses (50%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.001) A higher frequency of cryoglobulinaemic symptoms (especially vasculitis) was found in patients with HCV monoinfection and in those carrying HCV genotype 1. In contrast, patients with HIV coinfection presented a threefold lower prevalence of vasculitis. Associated HIV infection significantly attenuated the clinical and immunological expression of cryoglobulinaemia, except in coinfected patients with high viral loads for the two viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00866.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,3]],"date-time":"2007-05-03T17:48:27Z","timestamp":1178214507000},"page":"736-742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Cryoglobulinaemia associated with hepatitis C virus: influence of HCV genotypes, HCV\u2010RNA viraemia and HIV coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Ramos\u2010Casals","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Forns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Brito\u2010Zer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Laguno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Yag\u00fce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"M\u00aa S\u00e1nchez\u2010Tapias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"M\u00aa Gatell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Font","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2507::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70053-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300678828127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780341221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199211193272104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","first-page":"447","article-title":"Extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Ramos\u2010Casals M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199805)185:1<86::AID-PATH59>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3594","article-title":"Clonal analysis of intrahepatic B cells from HCV infected patients with and without mixed cryoglobulinemia","volume":"160","author":"Sansonno D","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Association of extrahepatic manifestations with HLA class II alleles and with virus genotype in HCV infected patients","volume":"19","author":"Sebastiani GD","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10435"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200107000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90852-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","volume-title":"Complement Technology. 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