{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:30:57Z","timestamp":1788924657780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,22]],"date-time":"2008-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1224633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary.\u2002<\/jats:bold> The eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) exhibit distinct geographical distributions. This study identified HBV genotypes and transmission modes associated with acute infection in British Columbia (BC), Canada, from 2001 to 2005. Seventy cases of acute HBV in BC were identified from laboratory reports using a standardized case definition. Interviews for risk factors and hepatitis history were conducted for each case. HBV genotypes were determined by BLAST comparison analysis of the surface (S) or preS gene sequence. To illustrate the distribution of genotypes identified amongst acute cases in BC, an annotated map was produced showing the global occurrence of HBV genotypes. The majority of acute HBV cases occurred in Caucasian, Canadian\u2010born males, with 30% of cases reporting injection drug use (IDU) and 21% reporting incarceration. The most common genotype observed was genotype D (62.9%), followed by genotypes A (18.6%), C (11.4%), B (4.3%), and E (1.4%). A significant association was observed between Genotype D and IDU (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0025) and previous incarceration (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0067). Phylogenetic analysis of the S gene sequence demonstrated identical or high genetic relatedness amongst genotype D viral strains (86% sub\u2010genotype D3), thus verifying transmission clustering amongst BC injection drug users. The association between acute HBV genotype and reported transmission modes has not been previously described in North America. Tracking of genotypes can help identify disease transmission patterns and target at\u2010risk populations for preventive immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01045.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,25]],"date-time":"2008-12-25T01:46:11Z","timestamp":1230169571000},"page":"64-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Genotype D amongst injection drug users with acute hepatitis B virus infection in British Columbia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Panessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. D.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Harvard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Andonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Krajden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Osiowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00469.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxj009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults","volume":"55","author":"Mast E","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000080872"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.37041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000200537.86984.0e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509898"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17701-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","volume-title":"The epidemiology of hepatitis B in Canada","author":"Sherman M","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Hepatitis B in Canada","volume":"27","author":"Zhang J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01297.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02477-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20820"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2006.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-006-5099-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2566-2571.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(98)00026-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i43.7019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i40.6540"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18943-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0269-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-8-2059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2004.00182.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","first-page":"301","article-title":"Distribution of HBV genotypes and mutants among hepatitis B infected patients from northern Poland","volume":"14","author":"Bielawski K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(05)80012-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20386"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i41.6702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.6000-6006.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00895-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2005.00597.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Detection and prevalence of HBV mixed genotype infections in chronic HBV patients","author":"De Nys K","year":"2003","journal-title":"11th International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Guizhou and analysis of clinical significance","volume":"20","author":"Ding J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(01)00120-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20341"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.571","article-title":"Relationship of genotype rather than race to hepatitis B virus pathogenicity: a study of Japanese and Solomon Islanders","volume":"70","author":"Furusyo N","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20545"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10353"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01473.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0671-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10534"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10126"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-4-835"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20412"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701712198"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Distribution of HBV genotypes in Czech population \u2013 a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Krekulova L","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vnitrni Lekarstvi (Czech Republic)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1997.00063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes among patients with acute viral hepatitis","volume":"39","author":"Lyra A","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01144.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20502"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80310-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.877-880.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421502"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in the Czech Republic","volume":"53","author":"Nemecek V","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiologie, Microbiologie, Imunologie (Czech Republic)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10468"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_82_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Viral hepatitis in the Arctic. A review from a circumpolar workshop on viral hepatitis, ICCH13","volume":"49","author":"Tulisov A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alaska Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80732-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81614-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5473-5477.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00996-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00691.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i15.2218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10427"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10166"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2455-2460.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-4-883"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02754.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(03)00166-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(99)00039-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.808","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus in the western Brazilian Amazon","volume":"73","author":"Viana S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014572600432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383144"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20544"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20610"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.11569\/wcjd.v12.i2.332","article-title":"Detection for genotypes of hepatitis B virus in Hunan Province of China by nested PCR with multiplex pairs of primers","volume":"12","author":"Wen Z","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Chinese J Digestol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-004-3010-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_2","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prevalence of genotype and lamivudine resistance in hepatitis B viruses in British Columbia from 2000 to 2005","volume":"17","author":"McNabb A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_2","volume-title":"Census of Canada: selected places of birth (85) for the immigrant population, for Canada, provinces, territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 1996 and 2001 censuses \u2013 20% sample data","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00028-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00740.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(06)80003-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i13.1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-007-1031-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20677"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19749-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-4-63"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/423962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19034-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2893.2008.01045.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01045.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T22:57:11Z","timestamp":1697065031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01045.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01045.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01045.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-0504","1365-2893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-0504","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]]}}}