{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:54:16Z","timestamp":1791071656357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary.\u2002<\/jats:bold> The immune mechanism(s) that lead to hepatitis B\u2010related acute\u2010on\u2010chronic liver failure (HB\u2010ACLF) are poorly understood. Interleukin\u201021 is a newly discovered cytokine that is involved in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Its potential role in HB\u2010ACLF remains unknown. The serum levels of 12 immune cytokines measured by cytometric bead arrays and the frequency of IL\u201021\u2010secreting CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) measured by intracellular cytokine staining were compared in moderate chronic hepatitis B (M\u2010CHB, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200320), severe chronic hepatitis B (S\u2010CHB, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200320), HB\u2010ACLF (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200339) and healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200310). PBMC from M\u2010CHB patients or healthy subjects were stimulated with rhIL\u201021 <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and cytokines in supernatants were measured by FlowCytomix. The frequencies of IL\u201021\u2010secreting CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were higher in HB\u2010ACLF (both <jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.001) and S\u2010CHB (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.002 and 0.001) as compared to M\u2010CHB patients and controls. Serum IL\u201021 levels were highest (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.001) in HB\u2010ACLF and positively associated with high MELD score (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.001) and mortality (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.038). Recovery from HB\u2010ACLF was associated with reduced serum IL\u201021 levels (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.003) and lower CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL\u201021<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell frequency (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.006). The secretions of IL\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.001), IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.001), IL\u201010 (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.001), IFN\u2010\u03b3 (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.001) and TNF\u2010\u03b1 (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.042) from PBMC were significantly increased with rhIL\u201021 stimulation. In summary, IL\u201021 has a causal role in the development of severe liver inflammation, which is upregulated in HB\u2010ACLF and associated with severity of liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01475.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T07:52:58Z","timestamp":1306914778000},"page":"458-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Interleukin\u201021 is upregulated in hepatitis B\u2010related acute\u2010on\u2010chronic liver failure and associated with severity of liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"X.","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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