{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:55:28Z","timestamp":1787014528001,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,21]],"date-time":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1142899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract.\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Leuckart (Spirudida: Onchocercidae) and the prospects of\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium neavei<\/jats:italic>\n                    Roubaud (Diptera: Simuliidae) vector elimination through ground larviciding were investigated in the Mpamba\u2013Nkusi focus, western Uganda. Transmission levels and the initiated vector elimination activities were assessed to supplement the ongoing ivermectin mass distribution programme. Searches for breeding sites, adult fly catches, dissection of flies, river treatment with temephos (Abate\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and a review of annual ivermectin treatment data were conducted. High levels of crab infestation with\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u2003neavei sensu\u2003stricto<\/jats:italic>\n                    immature stages were recorded; 57.9% and 100% for the Mpamba and Nyabugando river systems, respectively. The mean numbers of larvae\/pupae per crab were 3.6\u2003\u00b1\u20030.5 in the Mpamba and 20.6\u2003\u00b1\u20031.8 in the Nyabugando systems. Pre\u2010intervention mean biting densities were 39 and 32\u2003flies\/(man\u2003day) in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and an annual biting rate in 2001 of &gt;\u200314\u2003000. The bimodal biting pattern of\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u2003neavei s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                    consisted of two peaks; one in the morning (09.00\u201310.00\u2003hours) and one in the afternoon (14.00\u201315.00\u2003hours) with a mid\u2010day lull in biting. The infection\/infective rates were 13.3%\/2.8% and 16.6%\/2.9% in the dissected parous flies from the Mpamba and Nyabugando river systems, respectively. Out of \u223c1000 parous flies, 129 and 109 were found to be harbouring infective larvae of\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in their heads from the Mpamba and Nyabugando river systems, respectively. In spite of the &gt;\u200310\u2003years of ivermectin treatment, at a mean coverage of 71.3%, infection remained relatively high. Ground larviciding with temephos (Abate\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) initiated in June and October 2002 had a significant impact. In the Mpamba river system there was a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20030.001) reduction in positive crabs from 57.9% in 2001 to 0.06% in 2003 and a decrease in the mean number of larvae\/pupae per crab from 3.6\u2003\u00b1\u20030.5 in 2001 to 0.0007\u2003\u00b1\u20030.0001 (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20030.002) in 2003. Similarly, in the Nyabugando river system, a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20030.001) reduction in crab infestation from 100% in 2001 to 0.06% in 2003 and a decrease in the mean number of larvae\/pupae per crab from 20.6\u2003\u00b1\u20031.8 in 2001 to 0.06\u2003\u00b1\u20030.03 in 2003. Drastic reductions were observed in the mean number of biting flies from 3\u2003flies\/h in 2001 to 0\u2003flies\/h in 2003 and the annual biting rates fell from 14\u2003235 flies\/year in 2001 to only 730 flies\/year in 2003. These data suggest that substantial progress towards the goal of\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u2003neavei s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                    vector elimination has been made and this will enhance the ongoing ivermectin treatment in this isolated focus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00603.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,21]],"date-time":"2006-03-21T06:57:29Z","timestamp":1142924249000},"page":"93-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Transmission of\n                    <i>Onchocerca volvulus<\/i>\n                    and prospects for the elimination of its vector, the blackfly\n                    <i>Simulium neavei<\/i>\n                    in the Mpamba\u2013Nkusi focus in Western Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"T. L.","family":"Lakwo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ndyomugyenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. W.","family":"Onapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Twebaze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Onchocerciasis Control in Uganda","author":"Ayele T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Uganda Atlas of Disease Distribution","author":"Barnley G.R.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989859537"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Onchocerciasis and its Control in Uganda","author":"Colbourne M.J.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.39.010194.000323"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Simulium \u2013 Vectors of Onchocerciasis","author":"Davies J.B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(64)90038-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Garms R.(2002)Review and monitoring of Onchocerciasis vectors elimination activities in the Itwara and Mpamba\u2010Nkusi focus in Uganda. Report to APOC Ouagadougou September 2002. (unpublished document)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"479","article-title":"Infection with Onchocerca volvulus in different members of the Simulium damnosum complex in Togo and Benin","volume":"72","author":"Garms R.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Zoologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Decline of Simulium neavei and its associated crabs in the onchocerciasis foci of the Rwenzori area, Western Uganda, during the past 20 years","volume":"3","author":"Garms R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Simuliid Group Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Control of S. neavei Using Larvicide Temephos in an Onchocerciasis Focus of Western Uganda.","author":"Garms R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of vector control and community based distribution of ivermectin on transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium neavei. 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I. Effect of the microfilarial reservoir and the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"40","author":"Remme J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2218502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"Walsh J.F. Garms R.&Lakwo T.(1996)Planning of Focal Vector Eradication in Onchocerciasis Foci in Uganda. Report to UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO. (unpublished document)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"63","volume":"852","author":"WHO","year":"1995","journal-title":"Onchocerciasis and its control. World Health Organization Technical Report Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"384","article-title":"Can ivermectin mass treatment eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa?","volume":"80","author":"Winnen M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"}],"container-title":["Medical and Veterinary Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2915.2006.00603.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00603.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T12:23:51Z","timestamp":1762259031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00603.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00603.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00603.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-283X","1365-2915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-283X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-03-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}