{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T22:19:46Z","timestamp":1769811586943,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,21]],"date-time":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1142899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract.\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    At least 26 members of the\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Theobald complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) are known from eastern Africa, most of which are assumed to be non\u2010anthropophilic and some are restricted to small areas of endemicity. Their discovery was based on polytene chromosome inversion polymorphisms and since then they have been cited as cytological entities, but, in many cases, with inadequate descriptions (e.g. without illustrations of the chromosomes). The present distribution, taxonomy and vector identity have been re\u2010evaluated during the last decade in conjunction with ongoing onchocerciasis control programmes. Here, a summary of the relevant data is presented, integrating results of cytotaxonomic, morphotaxonomic and molecular investigations into a guide that provides a comprehensive system of identification for the cytoforms \u2018Kagera\u2019, \u2018Kasyabone\u2019, \u2018Kibwezi\u2019, \u2018Kisiwani\u2019, \u2018Kisiwani E\u2019, \u2018Kulfo\u2019, \u2018Linthipe\u2019, \u2018Mombo\u2019, \u2018Mutonga\u2019, \u2018Njombe\u2019, \u2018Nkusi\u2019, \u2018Nkusi SA\u2019, \u2018Nkusi SW\u2019, \u2018Nyika\u2019, \u2018Pienaars\u2019, \u2018Sanje\u2019, \u2018Sebwe\u2019, \u2018Turiani\u2019,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium kaffaense<\/jats:italic>\n                    Hadis\n                    <jats:italic>et\u2003al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium kilibanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gouteux,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium kipengere<\/jats:italic>\n                    Krueger,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium latipollex<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Enderlein),\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium pandanophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Kr\u00fcger, Nurmi &amp; Garms,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium plumbeum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Krueger,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium thyolense<\/jats:italic>\n                    Vajime\n                    <jats:italic>et\u2003al<\/jats:italic>\n                    . and for five newly recognized molecular forms of \u2018Nkusi\u2019 and\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u2003kilibanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . All taxa except\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u2003pandanophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    are assigned to one of five subcomplexes (\n                    <jats:italic>damnosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Ketaketa, Kibwezi, Sanje,\n                    <jats:italic>squamosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) within the\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u2003damnosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex. The guide encompasses anthropophilic and non\u2010anthropophilic segregates for the whole of eastern and southern Africa, and is not restricted to larval chromosome criteria; in many cases it also allows the typing of adult flies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00606.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,21]],"date-time":"2006-03-21T06:57:29Z","timestamp":1142924249000},"page":"60-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Guide to blackflies of the\n                    <i>Simulium damnosum<\/i>\n                    complex in eastern and southern Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Krueger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1535-0_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989859537"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"A pictorial guide to the chromosomal identification of members of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex in West Africa with particular reference to the Onchocerciasis Control Programme Area","volume":"44","author":"Boakye D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1867"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/150.2.807","article-title":"Multiple origins of cytologically identical chromosome inversions in the Anopheles gambiae complex","volume":"150","author":"Caccone A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","unstructured":"Crosskey R.W.(1981)Simuliid taxonomy \u2010 The contemporary scene.Blackflies: the Future for Biological Methods in Integrated Control(ed. byM.Laird) pp.3\u201318.Academic Press London."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","unstructured":"Crosskey R.W.&Howard T.M.(2004)A Revised Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae).http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/entomology\/projects\/blackflies\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Pictorial keys to the main species and species groups within Simulium damnosum Theobald complex occurring in West Africa (Diptera Simuliidae)","volume":"31","author":"Dang P.T.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2001.00235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-41-2-154"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/209597a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"974","article-title":"Nine cytological segregates in the Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)","volume":"40","author":"Dunbar R.W.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","unstructured":"Dunbar R.W.(1978)The identification chromosomally of a new vector of onchocerciasis in Tanzania. 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