{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:58:27Z","timestamp":1776117507635,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,13]],"date-time":"2009-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1250121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Catnip (\n                    <jats:italic>Nepeta cataria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is known for its pseudo\u2010narcotic effects on cats. Recently, it has been reported as an effective mosquito repellent against several\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, both topically and spatially. Our laboratory bioassays showed that catnip essential oil (at a dosage of 20 mg) resulted in average repellency rates of 96% against stable flies,\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.) and 79% against houseflies,\n                    <jats:italic>Musca domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.), respectively. This finding suggested that the application of repellent could be used as part of filth fly management. Further evaluations of catnip oil toxicity were conducted to provide a broad\u2010spectrum safety profile of catnip oil use as a potential biting and nuisance insect repellent in urban settings. Acute oral, dermal, inhalation, primary dermal and eye irritation toxicity tests were performed. The acute oral LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of catnip oil was found to be 3160 mg\/kg body weight (BW) and 2710 mg\/kg BW in female and male rats, respectively. The acute dermal LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    was &gt; 5000 mg\/kg BW. The acute inhalation LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    was observed to be &gt; 10 000 mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Primary skin irritation tested on New Zealand white rabbits showed that catnip oil is a moderate irritant. Catnip oil was classified as practically non\u2010irritating to the eye. In comparison with other U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2010approved mosquito repellents (DEET, picaridin and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010menthane\u20103,8\u2010diol), catnip oil can be considered as a relatively safe repellent, which may cause minor skin irritation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00809.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,13]],"date-time":"2009-08-13T23:22:30Z","timestamp":1250205750000},"page":"209-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Efficacy and safety of catnip (\n                    <i>Nepeta cataria<\/i>\n                    ) as a novel filth fly repellent\n                    <sup>*<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"J. 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