{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:16:32Z","timestamp":1790702192146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,30]],"date-time":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> has evolved the ability to control the expression\u2010state of numerous genes by phase variation. It has been proposed that the process aids this human pathogen in coping with the diversity of microenvironments and host immune systems. Therefore, increased frequencies of phase variation may augment the organism's adaptability and virulence. In this study, we found that DNA derived from various neisserial co\u2010colonizers of the human nasopharynx increased <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic> switching frequencies, indicating that heterologous neisserial DNA modulates phase variation in a transformation\u2010dependent manner. In order to determine whether the effect of heterologous DNA was specific to the Hb receptor, HmbR, we constructed a Universal Rates of Switching cassette (UROS). With this cassette, we demonstrated that heterologous DNA positively affects phase variation throughout the meningococcal genome, as UROS phase variation frequencies were also increased in the presence of neisserial DNA. Overexpressing components of the neisserial mismatch repair system partially alleviated DNA\u2010induced changes in phase variation frequencies, thus implicating mismatch repair titration as a cause of these transformation\u2010dependent increases in switching. The DNA\u2010dependent effect on phase variation was transient and may serve as a mechanism for meningococcal genetic variability that avoids the fitness costs encountered by global mutators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04013.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]],"date-time":"2004-04-22T17:06:37Z","timestamp":1082653597000},"page":"771-783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Natural transformation and phase variation modulation in <i>Neisseria meningitidis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony 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