{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:59:07Z","timestamp":1790690347449,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,22]],"date-time":"2005-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1127347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Variant antigens, encoded by multigene families, and expressed at the surface of erythrocytes infected with the human malaria parasite <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> and the simian parasite <jats:italic>Plasmodium knowlesi<\/jats:italic>, are important in evasion of host immunity. The <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic> multigene family, encoding a very large number of variant antigens, has been identified in the human parasite <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and homologues (<jats:italic>yir<\/jats:italic>) of this family exist in the rodent parasite <jats:italic>Plasmodium yoelii.<\/jats:italic> These genes are part of a superfamily (<jats:italic>pir<\/jats:italic>) which are found in <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species infecting rodents, monkeys and humans (<jats:italic>P. yoelii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. chabaudi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. knowlesi and P. vivax<\/jats:italic>). Here, we show that YIR proteins are expressed on the surface of erythrocytes infected with late\u2010stage asexual parasites, and that host immunity modulates transcription of <jats:italic>yir<\/jats:italic> genes. The surface location and expression pattern of YIR is consistent with a role in antigenic variation. This provides a unique opportunity to study the regulation and expression of the <jats:italic>pir<\/jats:italic> superfamily, and its role in both protective immunity and antigenic variation, in an easily accessible animal model system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04840.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,22]],"date-time":"2005-09-22T19:19:52Z","timestamp":1127416792000},"page":"636-647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Host immunity modulates transcriptional changes in a multigene family (<i>yir<\/i>) of rodent malaria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Deirdre A.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Jarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Koernig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannik","family":"Fonager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delmiro","family":"Fernandez\u2010Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Blythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Langhorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.128.1.224","article-title":"Altered expression of Plasmodium knowlesi variant antigen on the erythrocyte membrane in splenectomized rhesus monkeys","volume":"128","author":"Barnwell J.W.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90054-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.20.9171"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.1.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0051"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2081286a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0398-358"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01099"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28660"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283184"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2969-2975.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03491.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00935.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103717"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/294361a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.157.4.1137"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402347101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1903"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh907"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00644.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1986.tb01036.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.1.6.926-935.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012194851-1\/50039-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80304-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80535-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.12.1244"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00193-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.159.6.1567"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(82)90038-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1986.tb00858.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2417315"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.42","article-title":"Diversity of Plasmodium vivax\u2010induced antigens on the surface of infected human erythrocytes","volume":"38","author":"Mendis K.N.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-2-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001001160"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35071118"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4259"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064938"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02486"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/357689a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90029-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90056-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00145-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5195"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00159-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04840.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04840.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1695821532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04840.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04840.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04840.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,22]]}}}