{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:43:22Z","timestamp":1792669402696,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]],"date-time":"2006-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tsetse flies transmit the protozoan parasite African trypanosomes, the agents of human sleeping sickness in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. Parasite transmission in the insect is restricted by a natural resistance phenomenon (refractoriness). Understanding the mechanism of parasite resistance is important as strengthening fly\u2019s response(s) via transgenic approaches can prevent parasite transmission and lead to the development of novel vector control strategies. Here, we investigated the role of one of the two major pathways regulating innate immunity in invertebrates, the immunodeficiency (Imd) pathway, for\n                    <jats:italic>Glossina morsitans morsitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s natural defence against\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infections. We determined the molecular structure of the Imd pathway transcriptional activator Relish (GmmRel), which shows high amino acid identity and structural similarity to its\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    homologue. Through a double\u2010stranded RNA\u2010based interference approach, we showed that the pathogen\u2010induced expression profile of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)\n                    <jats:italic>attacin<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>cecropin<\/jats:italic>\n                    is under the regulation of GmmRel. Unexpectedly, the AMP\n                    <jats:italic>diptericin<\/jats:italic>\n                    appears to be constitutively expressed in tsetse independent of the presence of the Rel factor. Through\n                    <jats:italic>GmmRel<\/jats:italic>\n                    knock\u2010down, we could successfully block the induction of\n                    <jats:italic>attacin<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>cecropin<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the immune responsive tissues fat body and proventriculus (cardia) following microbial challenge. The midgut and salivary gland trypanosome infection prevalence, as well as the intensity of midgut parasite infections were found to be significantly higher in flies when\n                    <jats:italic>attacin<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>relish<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression were knocked down. Our results provide the first direct evidence for the involvement of antimicrobial peptides in trypanosome transmission in tsetse.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]],"date-time":"2006-04-28T12:46:13Z","timestamp":1146228373000},"page":"1194-1204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly\n                    <i>Glossina morsitans morsitans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Changyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serap","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Maintenance of Human, Animal and Plant Pathogen Vectors","author":"Aksoy S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(03)53002-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-1748(94)00091-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kvf180"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(02)00029-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Cultivation of vertebrate infective forms derived from metacyclic forms of pleomorphic Trypanosoma brucei stocks. Short communication","volume":"36","author":"Brun R.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90059-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Insect Symbiosis","author":"Durvasala R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.19.10343"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1018503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9292-2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/24.7.1238"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.30.21355"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221363798"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2003.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80392-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Haemagglutinins and parasite agglutinins in haemolymph and gut of Glossina","volume":"35","author":"Ibrahim E.A.R.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1790(88)90091-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1790(90)90017-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-10-r63"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kvd073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504950102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.2000.0294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9480-9_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162345999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1992.11812703"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00477.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006144"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05180.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T10:19:37Z","timestamp":1695896377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1033294.375235","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,28]]}}}