{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:26:47Z","timestamp":1791217607569,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]],"date-time":"2006-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1147132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A common mechanism of immune evasion in pathogenic bacteria and protozoa is antigenic variation, in which genetic or epigenetic changes result in rapid, sequential shifts in a surface\u2010exposed antigen. In this issue of <jats:italic>Molecular Microbiology<\/jats:italic>, Dai <jats:italic>et\u2003al<\/jats:italic>. provide the most complete description to date of the <jats:italic>vlp<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>vsp<\/jats:italic> antigenic variation system of the relapsing fever spirochaete, <jats:italic>Borrelia hermsii<\/jats:italic>. This elaborate, plasmid\u2010encoded system involves an expression site that can acquire either variable large protein (<jats:italic>vlp<\/jats:italic>) or variable small protein (<jats:italic>vsp<\/jats:italic>) surface lipoprotein genes from 59 different archival copies. The archival <jats:italic>vlp<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vsp<\/jats:italic> genes are arranged in clusters on at least five different plasmids. Gene conversion occurs through recombination events at upstream homology sequences (UHS) found in each gene copy, and at downstream homology sequences (DHS) found periodically among the <jats:italic>vlp<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>vsp<\/jats:italic> archival genes. Previous studies have shown that antigenic variation in relapsing fever <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> not only permits the evasion of host antibody responses, but can also result in changes in neurotropism and other pathogenic properties. The <jats:italic>vlsE<\/jats:italic> antigenic variation locus of Lyme disease spirochaetes, although similar in sequence to the relapsing fever <jats:italic>vlp<\/jats:italic> genes, has evolved a completely different antigenic variation mechanism involving segmental recombination from a contiguous array of <jats:italic>vls<\/jats:italic> silent cassettes. These two systems thus appear to represent divergence from a common precursor followed by functional convergence to create two distinct antigenic variation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05204.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]],"date-time":"2006-05-09T10:56:55Z","timestamp":1147172215000},"page":"1319-1322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Antigenic variation with a twist \u2013 the <i>Borrelia<\/i> story"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374395"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012194851-1\/50040-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3389-3397.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3419-3428.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201547200"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh953"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306845101"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1997.0183"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4196-4203.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419894"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.1.285-292.1997","article-title":"Arthritis severity and spirochete burden are determined by serotype in the Borrelia turicatae\u2010mouse model of Lyme disease","volume":"65","author":"Pennington P.M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6647-6658.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1299-1303.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5371.1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3689-3697.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80206-8"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05204.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05204.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:29:24Z","timestamp":1695972564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05204.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05204.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05204.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]]}}}