{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:42:17Z","timestamp":1790851337482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]],"date-time":"2011-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is a protease secreted by group A streptococci and known to degrade a wide range of host and GAS proteins <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Although the role of SpeB in GAS infection is debated, recent evidence has conclusively demonstrated that SpeB is critical for the pathogenesis of severe invasive disease caused by GAS. Genetic inactivation of the <jats:italic>speB<\/jats:italic> gene results in significantly decreased virulence in a necrotizing fasciitis model of infection. Production of fully active SpeB by GAS is extremely complex. Following transcription and translation the SpeB protein is secreted as an inactive zymogen, which is autocatalytically processed through a series of intermediates to form an active protease. Each step from transcription to protease activation is tightly controlled and regulated by the bacterial cell reflecting the critical role played by this virulence factor in GAS infection. Here we review the molecular aspects of SpeB production by GAS from transcription to activation and the multiple layers of control involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07709.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,25]],"date-time":"2011-06-25T22:51:05Z","timestamp":1309042265000},"page":"588-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["From transcription to activation: how group A streptococcus, the flesh\u2010eating pathogen, regulates SpeB cysteine protease production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ronan K.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Musser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.11.6683-6686.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911295107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.11.4744-4750.1996","article-title":"Activation of a 66\u2010kilodalton human endothelial cell matrix metalloprotease by Streptococcus pyogenes extracellular cysteine protease","volume":"64","author":"Burns E.H.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.5.1956-1959.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209038200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(08)60112-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-5804fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.11.7187-7189.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6646-6651.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00473.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004769"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.81.6.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.211-217.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.12.3649-3657.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202353699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3716-3719.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5298-5305.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.2.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589719"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040549997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04708.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.11.6362-6369.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00373-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.16.7676"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1993.1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00746-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-5-1501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.4.1569"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01116-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.19.6019-6027.1999","article-title":"Identification of pel, a Streptococcus pyogenes locus that affects both surface and secreted proteins","volume":"181","author":"Li Z.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)95773-X","article-title":"Demonstration of the presence of a histidine residue at the active site of streptococcal proteinase","volume":"242","author":"Liu T.Y.","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)97551-4","article-title":"Streptococcal proteinase: the zymogen to enzyme transfromation","volume":"240","author":"Liu T.Y.","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83988-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.2.399-408.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601393"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.12.3661-3667.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.21.6263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01059-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01771-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2005.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5633-5639.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(03)00094-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207162200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4326-4333.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02441.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02373.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.1913-1917.1996","article-title":"Substitution of cysteine 192 in a highly conserved Streptococcus pyogenes extracellular cysteine protease (interleukin 1beta convertase) alters proteolytic activity and ablates zymogen processing","volume":"64","author":"Musser J.M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.17.5166-5174.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106306200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.08.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911811107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.7.2776-2779.1995","article-title":"Different forms of streptolysin O produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and by Escherichia coli expressing recombinant toxin: cleavage by streptococcal cysteine protease","volume":"63","author":"Pinkney M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.661421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05381.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.03247703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.4723-4731.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000817"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.1.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807624200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43867-7","article-title":"Proteolytically active streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B cleaves monocytic cell urokinase receptor and releases an active fragment of the receptor from the cell surface","volume":"269","author":"Wolf B.B.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2011.07709.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07709.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T15:16:18Z","timestamp":1697296578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07709.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07709.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07709.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]]}}}