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In this study we examined the association between \u00b5\u2010 and m\u2010calpain, the specific inhibitor calpastatin, and axonal injury in <jats:italic>post mortem<\/jats:italic> brain tissue from patients who died from severe malaria. Calpains were associated with axons labelled for the \u03b2\u2010amyloid precursor protein that detects impaired axonal transport. Elevated levels of calpastatin were rarely observed in injured axons. There were increased numbers of neurones with \u00b5\u2010calpain in the nuclear compartment in severe malaria cases compared with non\u2010neurological controls, and increased numbers of glia with nuclear \u00b5\u2010calpain in CM patients compared with non\u2010CM malaria cases and non\u2010neurological controls. There was marked redistribution of calpastatin in the sequestered <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected erythrocytes. Responses specific to malaria infection were ascertained following analysis of brain samples from fatal cases with acute axonal injury, HIV encephalitis, and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Our findings implicate a role for calpains in the modulation of disease progression in CM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2006.00777.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T08:06:51Z","timestamp":1155024411000},"page":"179-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cerebral calpain in fatal falciparum malaria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"I. M.","family":"Medana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. P.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. 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