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MacLean (2012) <jats:italic>Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology<\/jats:italic><jats:bold>38,<\/jats:bold> 162\u2013174<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>S100\u03b2 as a novel and accessible indicator for the presence of monocyte\u2010driven encephalitis in AIDS<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold> The pathogenesis of human\/simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE\/SIVE) remains incompletely understood, but is associated with alterations in the blood\u2013brain barrier. At present, it is not possible to easily determine if an individual has HIVE\/SIVE before <jats:italic>post mortem<\/jats:italic> examination. <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We have examined serum levels of the astroglial protein S100\u03b2 in SIV\u2010infected macaques and show that it can be used to determine which animals have SIVE. We also checked for correlations with inflammatory markers such as CCL2\/MCP\u20101, IL\u20106 and C\u2010reactive protein. <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We found that increased S100\u03b2 protein in serum correlated with decreased expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens\u20101 on brain microvessels. Furthermore, the decrease in zonula occludens\u20101 expression was spatially related to SIVE lesions and perivascular deposition of plasma fibrinogen. There was no correlation between encephalitis and plasma levels of IL\u20106, MCP\u20101\/CCL2 or C\u2010reactive protein. <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Together, these data indicate that SIVE lesions are associated with vascular leakage that can be determined by S100\u03b2 protein in the periphery. The ability to simply monitor the presence of SIVE will greatly facilitate studies of the neuropathogenesis of AIDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01200.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,23]],"date-time":"2011-06-23T06:56:05Z","timestamp":1308812165000},"page":"162-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["S100\u03b2 as a novel and accessible indicator for the presence of monocyte\u2010driven encephalitis in AIDS"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"N. A.","family":"Renner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. K.","family":"Redmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Moroney\u2010Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. 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