{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:03:40Z","timestamp":1791288220740,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropathology Appl Neurobio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>G. \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, N. Cengiz, E. Erdo\u011fan, A. Him, E. K. O\u011fuz, E. Yenid\u00fcnya and N. Ay\u015fit (2013) <jats:italic>Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology<\/jats:italic><jats:bold>39,<\/jats:bold> 362\u2013376<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Two distinct types of dying back axonal degeneration <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold> In many neurodegenerative diseases and following traumas, dying back degeneration is a common phenomenon that aggravates the pathology and may eventually lead to death of the affected neurone. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of dying back degeneration with an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> axonal injury model. <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurones and with a precise laser beam, cut the axons they extended. Preparations were imaged continuously and images were analysed to describe and quantify ensuing events. Potential contributions of calpains and caspases to the degeneration were explored using specific inhibitors and immunohistochemistry. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> implications of the results were sought in nerve sections after sciatic nerve cut. <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The proximal part of the transected axons went under basically two types of dying back degeneration, fragmentation and retraction. In fragmentation the cytoplasm became condensed and with concomitant axial collapse the axon disintegrated into small pieces. In retraction, the severed axon was pulled back to the soma in an organized manner. We demonstrated that fragmentation was associated with a high risk of cell death, while survival rate with retraction was as high as those of uninjured neurones. Regeneration of transected axon was more likely after retraction than following fragmentation. Activities of caspase\u20103 and calpains but not of caspase\u20106 were found linked with retraction and regeneration but not with the fragmentation. <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> This study describes two quite distinct types of dying back degeneration that lead an injured neurone to quite different fates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01295.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,27]],"date-time":"2012-07-27T23:02:22Z","timestamp":1343430142000},"page":"362-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Two distinct types of dying back axonal degeneration <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Cengiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Erdo\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Him","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. K.","family":"O\u011fuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Yenid\u00fcnya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Ay\u015fit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"432","article-title":"Experiments on the section of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations of the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibres","volume":"140","author":"Waller A","year":"1850","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Organophosphorous neuropathy. I. A teased\u2010fiber study of the spatio\u2010temporal spread of axonal degeneration","volume":"94","author":"Bouldin TW","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"659","article-title":"The \u2018dying back\u2019 process. A common denominator in many naturally occurring and toxic neuropathies","volume":"103","author":"Cavanagh JB","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02833.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1788"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04032.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"New mechanisms of excitatory transmitter neurotoxicity","volume":"43","author":"Olney JW","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200301200-00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp011151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199105000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.56.070187.002143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480230915"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24520.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-10-03257.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04368.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902140303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1995.1066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01125-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105681"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2003.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00206-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740752"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Neural Regeneration and Transplantation: Frontiers of Clinical Neuroscience","author":"Barron KD","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198801000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010051100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02905-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1997.14.863"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0674-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199904000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07767"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0922-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.0947"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.03-10-01979.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","volume-title":"Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System","author":"Cajal R","year":"1928"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.59.2.456"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(78)90228-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-09-03715.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7734"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7645"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00666.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6912"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068613"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90526-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82738-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.140.3.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-36-11479.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2939-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3073-04.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2005.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20764"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-09-0878"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.4.1188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568007033482887"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-007-9250-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.04.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.35.22490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01479-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.12.8309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4119-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.07.010"}],"container-title":["Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2990.2012.01295.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01295.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T08:10:15Z","timestamp":1698653415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01295.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01295.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01295.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1846","1365-2990"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1846","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2990","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]}}}