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In singletons, it is well established that females weigh less than males at all gestations, averaging 125\u2013135\u2003g less at full term. This gender difference is generally believed to be the result of the effect of androgens on fetal growth. The gender difference in fetal growth is greater before the third trimester and less towards term, with males growing not only more, but also earlier than females. Plurality is a known risk factor for reduced fetal growth and birthweight. Compared with singletons, the mean birthweight percentiles of twins fall substantially (by 10% or more) below the singleton 10th percentile by 28\u2003weeks, below the singleton 50th percentile by 30\u2003weeks, and below the singleton 90th percentile by 34\u2003weeks. In unlike\u2010gender twin pairs, it has been reported that the female prolongs gestation for her brother, resulting in a higher birthweight for the male twin than that of like\u2010gender male twins. Other researchers have demonstrated that females in unlike\u2010gender pairs had higher birthweights than females in like\u2010gender pairs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Analyses from our consortium on 2491 twin pregnancies with known chorionicity showed longer gestations and faster rates of fetal growth in both males and females in unlike\u2010gender pairs compared with like\u2010gender male or female pairs, although these differences were not statistically significant. The post\u2010natal effects for females growing in an androgenic\u2010anabolic environment include increased sensation\u2010seeking behaviour and aggression, lowered visual acuity, more masculine attitudes and masculinising effects of the auditory system and craniofacial growth. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest that there might be a similar feminising effect on males from unlike\u2010gender pairs. This hormonal exposure <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> may influence adult body size and susceptability to breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2005.00616.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,21]],"date-time":"2005-01-21T10:17:39Z","timestamp":1106302659000},"page":"41-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Gender mix in twins and fetal growth, length of gestation and adult cancer risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Luke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Hediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010Joon","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morton B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruta B.","family":"Misiunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Hugo","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clark","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank R.","family":"Witter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary D. 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