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We conducted a multilevel study to explore whether conditions of mothers\u2019 neighbourhood of residence contribute to adverse birth outcomes independent of individual\u2010level determinants. We analysed data from 105\u2003111 births in 1015 census tracts in Louisiana during 1997\u201398, merging it with data from other existing sources on neighbourhood socio\u2010economic status, neighbourhood physical deterioration, and neighbourhood density of retail outlets selling tobacco, alcohol and foods.<\/jats:p><jats:p>After controlling for individual\u2010level sociodemographic factors, tract\u2010level median household income was positively associated with both birthweight\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age and gestational age at birth. Neighbourhood physical deterioration was associated with these birth outcomes in ecological analyses but only inconsistently associated with them after controlling for individual\u2010level factors. Neither gestational age nor birthweight\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age was associated with the neighbourhood density of alcohol outlets, tobacco outlets, fast\u2010food restaurants or grocery supermarkets. We conclude that measures of neighbourhood economic conditions are associated with both fetal growth and the length of gestation independent of individual\u2010level factors, but that readily available measures of neighbourhood retail outlets are not. Additional studies are needed to better understand the nature of environmental influences on birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00719.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,7]],"date-time":"2006-04-07T14:15:29Z","timestamp":1144419329000},"page":"188-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["The relationship between the neighbourhood environment and adverse birth outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Farley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna D.","family":"Habel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Scribner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.1037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501103120204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904223401603"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"663","article-title":"Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kramer MS.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199607000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199511000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00081-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.3.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"885","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and the risk of prematurity: a meta\u2010analysis. 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