{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T21:13:39Z","timestamp":1760908419025},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,9]],"date-time":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4605,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>African trypanosome infections cause immunosuppression in both experimental rodent and natural hosts. One characteristic of this is an eliciting of suppressor macrophages which results in an unresponsiveness in lymphocytes. Macrophages from Trypanosoma brucei\u2010infected mice have previously been shown to produce high levels of nitric oxide (NO). Using model systems based on in vivo macrophage transfer and drug cure, we have sought to determine the relationship between NO and suppressed lymphocyte responses. Peritoneal macrophages from T. brucei\u2010infected mice inhibited the Concanavalin A (Con\u2010A) response of spleen cells from syngeneic recipients 3\u20134 days after transfer in vivo due to the activity of suppressor macrophages. When macrophage NO synthesis was inhibited either in vitro or in vivo the suppressive effects were partially abrogated. These data provide evidence of a role for NO in mediating immunosuppression during murine T. brucei infection. Suppression in spleens of mice receiving suppressor macrophages was transient, with total recovery of spleen cell mitogen responses six days after transfer. Suppression and recovery was found to coincide with the presence or absence (respectively) of donor macrophages in recipient spleens. When T. brucei\u2010infected mice were treated with a curative dose of a trypanocide there followed a recovery of lymphocyte responsiveness after a period of 4\u20135 days, and this directly correlated with a reduction of macrophage NO synthesis to control levels both in vivo and in vitro. The apparent loss of suppressor macrophage activity after 4\u20136 days in both drug cured animals and recipients of macrophage transfer was shown to be due to NO\u2010mediated apoptosis of these cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1995.tb01016.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,9]],"date-time":"2007-10-09T14:38:01Z","timestamp":1191940681000},"page":"143-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Suppressor macrophages in <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i> infection: nitric oxide is related to both suppressive activity and lifespan <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"NEIL A.","family":"MABBOTT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"IAN A.","family":"SUTHERLAND","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JEREMY M.","family":"STERNBERG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Immunodepression during Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections in the field vole Microtus montanus","volume":"25","author":"Ackerman S.B.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.11.5080","article-title":"Nitric oxide\u2010mediated apoptosis in murine peritoneal macrophages","volume":"150","author":"Albina J.E.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.2.646"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03772.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/306699a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00951.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.7.2964","article-title":"Exogenous nitric oxide (NO) generation or IL\u20101 \u03b2\u2010induced intracellular NO production stimulates inhibitory auto\u2010ADP\u2010ribosylation of glyceraldehyde\u20103\u2010phosphate dehydrogenase in RINm5F cells","volume":"150","author":"Dimmeler S.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000000810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112642"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/31.7.6189884"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"The role of the macrophage in induction of immunosuppression in Trypanosoma congolense\u2010infected cattle","volume":"74","author":"Flynn J.N.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"384","article-title":"Antimicrobial and immunopatho\u2010logic effects of cytokine\u2010induced nitric oxide synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Green S.J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470720073.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/366562a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.30.040190.002535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1972.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.3.1223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22994","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)50046-6","article-title":"Early loss of the tyrosyl radical in ribonucleotide reductase of adenocarcinoma cells producing nitric oxide","volume":"267","author":"Lepoivre M.L.","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemisty"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932954"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Moncada S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"825","article-title":"The nature of immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice II. 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