{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:50:57Z","timestamp":1791010257630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,8]],"date-time":"2006-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in the vaginal discharge of patients with<\/jats:italic> Trichomonas vaginalis <jats:italic>infection. However, it is not known whether neutrophil apoptosis is induced by live<\/jats:italic> T. vaginalis<jats:italic>. Therefore, we examined whether<\/jats:italic> T. vaginalis <jats:italic>can influence neutrophil apoptosis, and also whether caspase\u20103 and the Bcl\u20102 family members are involved in the apoptosis. Thus, human neutrophils were incubated with live<\/jats:italic> T. vaginalis <jats:italic>and neutrophil apoptosis was evaluated by Giemsa, annexin V\u2010PI, and DiOC<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic> stainings. The neutrophil apoptosis was significantly higher in those incubated with<\/jats:italic> T. vaginalis <jats:italic>than in the control group. When trichomonads were pre\u2010treated with mAb to AP65 (adhesin protein), or when trophozoites were separated from neutrophils using a Transwell chamber, neutrophil apoptosis was significantly reduced. The activation of caspase\u20103 was evident in neutrophils undergoing spontaneous apoptosis but was markedly enhanced during<\/jats:italic> T. vaginalis<jats:italic>\u2010induced apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of caspase\u20103 effectively reduced<\/jats:italic> T. vaginalis<jats:italic>\u2010induced apoptosis. Trichomonad\u2010induced apoptosis was also associated with reduced expression of the neutrophil anti\u2010apoptotic protein, Mcl\u20101. These results indicate that<\/jats:italic> T. vaginalis <jats:italic>alters Mcl\u20101 expression and caspase\u20103 activation, thereby inducing apoptosis of human neutrophils.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00884.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,8]],"date-time":"2006-06-08T13:05:06Z","timestamp":1149771906000},"page":"439-446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> promotes apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating caspase\u20103 and reducing Mcl\u20101 expression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"J. 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