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The aim of this study was to determine the immunophenotypic pattern and cytokine profile of lung involvement (IPL) in human visceral leishmaniasis. Quantitative methods of analysis were performed using immunohistochemistry, and were compared with a control group of normal lung. Interstitial macrophages and cd8 cells were increased in IPL, and IL\u20104 as well as TNF\u2010\u03b1 displayed increased expression when compared to the control group. This inflammatory process with a Th2 pattern, as suggested by increased IL\u20104 and low IFN\u2010\u03b3 expression, is consistent with the immune response in other organs of visceral leishmaniasis. The microenvironment of the immune response in this condition is associated with lung disease in patients with interstitial pneumonitis related to visceral leishmaniasis, increasing the chance of bacterial infection.<\/jats:italic> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01080.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,5]],"date-time":"2008-11-05T08:18:17Z","timestamp":1225873097000},"page":"98-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i> immune responses to interstitial pneumonitis in human visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"F. F.","family":"TUON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"GUEDES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. 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