{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T22:12:25Z","timestamp":1789855945821,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]],"date-time":"2011-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since first identified, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness has been described as invariably fatal. Increasing data however argue that infection by <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of HAT, results in a wide range of outcomes in its human host and importantly that a number of subjects in endemic areas are apparently able to control infection to low levels, undetectable by the classical parasitological tests used in the field. Thus, trypanotolerance seems to occur in humans as has already been described in cattle or in the rodent experimental models of infection. This review focuses on the description of the diversity of outcomes resulting from <jats:italic>T.\u00a0b.\u00a0gambiense<\/jats:italic> in humans and on the host factors involved. The consequences\/impacts on HAT epidemiology resulting from this diversity are also discussed with regard to implementing sustainable HAT control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,8]],"date-time":"2011-03-08T11:46:17Z","timestamp":1299584777000},"page":"438-447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Human host determinants influencing the outcome of <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/i> infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"BUCHETON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"MacLEOD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"JAMONNEAU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00669.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"WHO.Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee.WHO Technical Report Series1998; 881."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-57"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2009162099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2009161003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2009161011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"490","article-title":"Crise ivoirienne et rapatri\u00e9s burkinab\u00e9s: \u00e9valuation et v\u00e9rification du risque de r\u00e9\u00e9mergence de la maladie du sommeil au Burkina Faso","volume":"70","author":"Courtin F","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"A card\u2010agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T.b. gambiense trypanosomiasis","volume":"58","author":"Magnus E","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.1.133-146.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(01)49038-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006416"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in the mangrove forest in Guinea: epidemiological and clinical features in two adjacent outbreak areas","volume":"65","author":"Camara M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811080106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of Gambiense sleeping sickness. Part III. Characterization of trypanozoon stocks by isoenzymes and sensitivity to human serum","volume":"33","author":"Mehlitz D","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010171061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Epidemiological importance of the animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the Congo. 1. Prevalence of animal trypanosomiasis in the foci of sleeping sickness","volume":"37","author":"Noireau F","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00213-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/433188"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1953-1957.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01708.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90673-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90304-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7040-7044.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00623.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989760356"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980020028004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00465.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00029-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70077-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(95)00127-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01318-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010000946"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503808"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2514"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3128-3132.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000509"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90115-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.3063-3065.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(98)01334-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0697-194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003350010133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1232392100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1428"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000685"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007074107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_2","first-page":"256","article-title":"Microarray analysis of primary endothelial cells challenged with different inflammatory and immune cytokines","volume":"29","author":"Sana TR","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2002.6729"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.085647.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.07.001"}],"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3024.2011.01287.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T16:54:04Z","timestamp":1694624044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9838","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]]}}}