{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:02:33Z","timestamp":1762430553095},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]],"date-time":"2011-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Absence of an effective Th\u20101 response has been demonstrated as a major cause for the disease pathology among patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Defining strategies to prevent the development of Th\u20102 response and\/or initiate\/activate effective Th\u20101 response may be of help to reduce the growing incidence of drug unresponsiveness. Adenosine, which is considered as an endogenous anti\u2010inflammatory agent is generated in injured\/inflamed tissues by the enzymatic catabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it suppresses inflammatory responses of essentially all immune cells. The extracellular adenosine\u2010producing pathway comprises two major enzymes CD39 (ATP\u2192ADP\u2192AMP) and CD73 (AMP\u2192Adenosine). In contrast, the adenosine\u2010degrading pathway contains only one major enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Our study shows high concentration of adenosine in diseased condition, varying expression of enzyme involved in adenosine\u2010producing (CD73\u2193) and adenosine\u2010degrading (ADA\u2191) pathways. These are less studied in infections like VL but are very important in terms of endogenous regulation of immune response among patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01315.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,5]],"date-time":"2011-07-05T16:58:28Z","timestamp":1309885108000},"page":"632-636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["High concentration of adenosine in human visceral leishmaniasis despite increased ADA and decreased CD73"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"A. K.","family":"RAI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. P.","family":"THAKUR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"VELPANDIAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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