{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T17:55:40Z","timestamp":1778954140021,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]],"date-time":"2012-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious lethal parasitic disease caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> in Asia and by <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum chagasi<\/jats:italic> in southern Europe and South America. VL is endemic in 47 countries with an annual incidence estimated to be 500\u2003000 cases. This high incidence is due in part to the lack of an efficacious vaccine. Here, we introduce an innovative approach to directly identify parasite vaccine candidate antigens that are abundantly produced <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in humans with VL. We combined RP\u2010HPLC and mass spectrometry and categorized three <jats:italic>L.\u00a0infantum chagasi<\/jats:italic> proteins, presumably produced in spleen, liver and bone marrow lesions and excreted in the patients\u2019 urine. Specifically, these proteins were the following: <jats:italic>Li\u2010isd1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"DDBJ\/EMBL\/GenBank\" xlink:href=\"XP_001467866.1\">XP_001467866.1<\/jats:ext-link>), <jats:italic>Li\u2010txn1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"DDBJ\/EMBL\/GenBank\" xlink:href=\"XP_001466642.1\">XP_001466642.1<\/jats:ext-link>) and <jats:italic>Li\u2010ntf2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"DDBJ\/EMBL\/GenBank\" xlink:href=\"XP_001463738.1\">XP_001463738.1<\/jats:ext-link>). Initial vaccine validation studies were performed with the r<jats:italic>Li\u2010ntf2<\/jats:italic> protein produced in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> mixed with the adjuvant <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic>MPLA\u2010SE. This formulation stimulated potent Th1 response in BALB\/c mice. Compared to control animals, mice immunized with <jats:italic>Li\u2010ntf2<\/jats:italic>+ <jats:italic>Bp<\/jats:italic>MPLA\u2010SE had a marked parasite burden reduction in spleens at 40\u2003days post\u2010challenge with virulent <jats:italic>L.\u00a0infantum chagasi<\/jats:italic>. These results strongly support the proposed antigen discovery strategy of vaccine candidates to VL and opens novel possibilities for vaccine development to other serious infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2012.01365.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,24]],"date-time":"2012-03-24T12:42:55Z","timestamp":1332592975000},"page":"360-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identification of <i>Leishmania infantum chagasi<\/i> proteins in urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis: a promising antigen discovery approach of vaccine candidates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"S. 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