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Cuttings of 525 genotypes from the full range of balsam poplar were planted into two common gardens (Vancouver and Indian Head, Canada) at similar latitudes, but with differing winter temperatures and growing seasons. There was clinal variation in spring and, particularly, summer and fall phenology. Bud flush and, despite milder climate, bud set and leaf drop were earlier at Vancouver than at Indian Head by 44, 28 and 7\u2003d, respectively. Although newly flushed growth is insensitive to photoperiod, many genotypes at both sites became competent before the summer solstice. At Vancouver, high\u2010latitude genotypes set dormant terminal buds in mid\u2010spring. Most other genotypes grew until midsummer or set bud temporarily and then experienced a second flush. In both gardens and in a growth chamber experiment, earlier bud set was associated with reduced height growth and higher root\/shoot ratios. Shoots attained competency \u223c5\u2003weeks after flushing, which would normally prevent dormancy induction before the solstice, but may be insufficient if spring advances by more than a few weeks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2012.02560.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]],"date-time":"2012-06-15T15:54:45Z","timestamp":1339775685000},"page":"116-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Timing of photoperiodic competency causes phenological mismatch in balsam poplar (<i>Populus balsamifera<\/i> L.)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"RAJU Y.","family":"SOOLANAYAKANAHALLY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ROBERT D.","family":"GUY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SALIM N.","family":"SILIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MINGHUA","family":"SONG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241391498"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03509.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/x84-140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Shoot growth phenology, dry matter distribution and root:shoot ratios of provenances of Populus trichocarpa, Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta growing in Scotland","volume":"25","author":"Cannell M.G.R.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Silvae Genetica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(96)03774-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Latitudinal variation in height and phenology of balsam poplar","volume":"42","author":"Farmer R.E.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Silvae Genetica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Biology of Populus and Its Implications for Management and Conservation. 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