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In Sprague\u2010Dawley rats infected with <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/jats:italic> an early appearance of IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010producing spleen cells was observed, followed by an increase in levels of antibodies against IFN\u2010\u03b3 in the sera. Previously, IFN\u2010\u03b3 has been found to play a crucial role in trypanosome infections in rats by promoting proliferation of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/jats:italic>. The appearance of antibodies to IFN\u2010\u03b3 in humans, as in rats, indicates that this cytokine is produced also in the human infection. Its parasitic growthstimulating and pathophysiological effects on the organism may be reduced by the antibodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03532.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T03:17:16Z","timestamp":1151723836000},"page":"49-52","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Increased Levels of Antibodies to IFN\u2010\u03b3 in Human and Experimental African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"BONFANTI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"CARUSO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"BAKHIET","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"OLSSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"TURANO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"KRISTENSSONP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830211022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90400-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.2.685","article-title":"Natural antibodies to IFN\u2010\u03b3 in man and their increase during viral infection","volume":"144","author":"Caruso A","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(88)90079-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"451","article-title":"Substitute for benzidine in myeloperoxidase stains","volume":"63","author":"Kaplow LS","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Anti\u2010interferon\u2010\u03b3 antibodies in sera from HIV infected patients","volume":"3","author":"Caruso A","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Reg Horn Ag"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb03317.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.003035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.7.3098-3102.1993","article-title":"Inhibition of T cell responsiveness during experimental infections with Trypanosoma brucei: Active involvement of endogenous gamma interferon","volume":"61","author":"Darji A","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.12.5129-5133.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830220932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91106-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)90025-6"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.1995.tb03532.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03532.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1695907602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03532.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03532.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03532.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-06-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}