{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:16:17Z","timestamp":1793513777517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,21]],"date-time":"2005-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1127260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel (Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>) elicits production of functionally distinct cytokines <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, but the relation between the cytokine profile and the degree of the allergic reaction <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> needs to be better defined in order to improve the understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in contact allergy and to facilitate development of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> diagnostics. The aim of the study was to define Th1\u2010type [interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3)], Th2\u2010type [interleukin\u20104 (IL\u20104), IL\u20105 and IL\u201013] and regulatory (IL\u201010) cytokine responses to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from subjects with varying patch test reactivity to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. The study included subjects with strong (+3), moderate (+2), weak (+1) or negative (controls) patch test reactivity to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200310 per group). All +3 and +2 subjects but only three +1 subjects had a clinical history of contact allergy to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. Cytokine production of PBMC stimulated with Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> was determined by enzyme\u2010linked immunospot and\/or enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> elicited significant production of all cytokines in PBMC from patch\u2010test\u2010positive subjects versus controls with a positive correlation between each cytokine and the patch test reactivity as well as with other cytokines. More subjects responded to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> above cut\u2010off values with Th2\u2010type cytokines as compared with IFN\u2010\u03b3 or IL\u201010; 100% of +3, 80% of +2, 50% of +1 and 0% of control subjects displayed reactivity to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> based on IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 assays. Despite the prevailing view of Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> allergy as a type\u20101\u2010mediated condition, the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> reactivity to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> correlated with a mixed Th1\u2010type, Th2\u2010type and regulatory cytokine response to Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The results accentuate the importance of type 2 responses in contact allergy and also demonstrate that IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 are reliable markers for Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> allergy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01673.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,21]],"date-time":"2005-09-21T10:24:39Z","timestamp":1127298279000},"page":"289-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Nickel Elicits Concomitant and Correlated <i>in vitro<\/i> Production of Th1\u2010, Th2\u2010Type and Regulatory Cytokines in Subjects with Contact Allergy to Nickel"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"J. 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