{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T15:52:28Z","timestamp":1761580348401},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1129766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by the dimorphic fungus <jats:italic>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>. Immunostimulatory effects of <jats:italic>P. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> DNA and CpG\u2010oligodeoxyribonucleotides (CpG\u2010ODN) have shown a Th2\u2013Th1 immunomodulation of the isogenic murine model of susceptibility, which develops a progressive and disseminating disease. In this study, we investigated the optimum time interval and doses of CpG\u2010ODN which are able to induce Th2\u2013Th1 immunomodulation. The optimum concentrations for the induction of a decrease in antibody production were 0.5 and 1\u2003\u00b5g. Mice immunized twice with CpG\u2010ODN and gp43 (5 and 7 days before the challenge) showed a 60% higher chance of survival compared with the control group (nonimmunized), and an increase in Th1 isotype (IgG2a) was also observed. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> assays of naive and preimmunized mice showed discrete cellular proliferation when stimulated by suitable concentrations of CpG\u2010ODN. Type 1 cytokines interleukin\u201012 (IL\u201012) and interferon\u2010\u03b3 were increased in cell culture supernatants, but no significant difference was found in Th2 IL\u20104 cytokines in stimulated or nonstimulated cell cultures. Concerning the Th2\u2013Th1 kinetics in experimental PCM models by adjuvant effect of CpG\u2010ODN, there are still many questions to be answered and clarified. However, the gathering of data obtained in this investigation has led us to suggest that the modulation of Th2\u2013Th1 in experimental PCM depends on time and CpG\u2010ODN concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01680.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T13:17:37Z","timestamp":1129814257000},"page":"325-333","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Adjuvant Effect of Synthetic Oligodeoxyribonucleotides (CpG\u2010ODN) From the <i>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/i> gp43 gene on the Th2\u2013Th1 Immunomodulation of Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"C. C.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. 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