{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:38:09Z","timestamp":1790750289565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,18]],"date-time":"2005-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the cytokine profile of cells of the innate immune response and its association with active (ACT), asymptomatic (AS) and cured (CUR) human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), as well as noninfected (NI) subjects. The frequency of cytokine\u2010producing cells was determined after short\u2010term<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>incubation of whole peripheral blood samples with soluble<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>antigen (SLA). Our data demonstrated a predominant type 2 cytokine profile in NI and ACT. In NI, we observed an increase of IL\u20104<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils, IL\u201010<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eosinophils besides a decrease of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eosinophils\/monocytes. Yet in ACT, we observed an increase of IL\u20104<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells and IL\u201010<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>monocytes, a reduced frequency of IL\u201012<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eosinophils and lower levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and IL\u201012<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>monocytes. AS presented a mixed profile, characterized by an increase of IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils\/eosinophils and NK cells, of IL\u201012<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eosinophils\/monocytes, as well as increase of IL\u20104<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils and NK cells and IL\u201010<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eosinophils\/monocytes. In contrast, CUR was characterized by a type 1 response with an increase of IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils\/eosinophils and NK cells, associated with an increase in IL\u201012<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>monocytes. In conclusion, we show a correlation between innate immune cytokine patterns and clinical status of VL, suggesting that these cells, in addition to other factors, may contribute to the cytokine microenvironment in which<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\u2010specific T cells are primed and to disease outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01686.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,18]],"date-time":"2005-11-18T09:50:32Z","timestamp":1132307432000},"page":"487-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Immune Response in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Analysis of the Correlation Between Innate Immunity Cytokine Profile and Disease Outcome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Peruhype\u2010Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. 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