{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:14:01Z","timestamp":1789913641318,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]],"date-time":"2005-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1135209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic> is a parasite that can induce at least two clinical forms of leishmaniasis in humans: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). In humans, the specific mechanisms that determine which form will develop following infection are not well established. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 17 CL and 9 <jats:sc>ml<\/jats:sc> patients were compared both <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> and after culture with soluble leishmania antigen (SLA). Patients with ML presented a higher frequency of activated T cells as measured by <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> frequencies of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD69<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD28<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD69<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> than those with CL. Moreover, after stimulation with SLA, patients with ML presented a higher frequency of TNF\u2010\u03b1\u2010producing CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD14<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells than CL individuals. While CL patients displayed a positive correlation between the frequency of IL\u201010 and TNF\u2010\u03b1\u2010producing monocytes, the ML patients did not. This lack of a positive correlation between IL\u201010\u2010producing and TNF\u2010\u03b1\u2010producing monocytes in ML patients could lead to a less controlled inflammatory response <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. These results corroborate with a model of an exacerbated, unregulated, immune response in ML patients and point to key immunomodulatory leucocyte populations and cytokine networks that may be involved in the development of immunopathology in ML patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01707.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]],"date-time":"2005-12-22T15:47:46Z","timestamp":1135266466000},"page":"70-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Mucosal Leishmaniasis Patients Display an Activated Inflammatory T\u2010cell Phenotype Associated with a Nonbalanced Monocyte Population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"S. T.","family":"Gaze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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