{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:44:48Z","timestamp":1778636688143,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,27]],"date-time":"2006-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1140998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> are successful intracellular pathogens which downregulate host immune responses. T\u2010cell interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) and macrophage tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) activate chemokines such as, C\u2010C chemokine ligand\u20102 (CCL2) and CCL5, which play a role in granuloma formation. Lepromatous leprosy is characterized by defective granulomas with lowered T\u2010cell\u2010 and macrophage\u2010mediated responses. Tuberculosis (TB) can be localized to the lung, whereby discreet granulomas are formed. The role of chemokines in leprosy infections is as yet unclear. We compared chemokine responses in lepromatous leprosy and pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Circulating serum CCL2 was raised while CCL5 was lowered in leprosy, as compared with TB patients and healthy controls. However, both <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG\u2010 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.08) and <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.05) CCL2 secretion was reduced in leprosy. In leprosy, BCG induced greater CCL2 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.01), TNF\u03b1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.02) and somewhat greater CCL5 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.08) than <jats:italic>M. leprae,<\/jats:italic> while CXCL8 induction was comparable. Overall levels of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced CCL2, TNF\u03b1 and CXCL8 were two to threefold lower, and CCL5 was 10\u2010fold lower in leprosy as compared with TB. Reduced inducible CCL2 combined with a lowered TNF\u03b1 response in lepromatous leprosy may contribute to the unrestricted growth and dissemination of mycobacteria found in the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01733.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,27]],"date-time":"2006-02-27T09:34:10Z","timestamp":1141032850000},"page":"241-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Elevated Serum CCL2 Concomitant with a Reduced <i>Mycobacterium<\/i>\u2010Induced Response Leads to Disease Dissemination in Leprosy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Z.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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