{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:44:55Z","timestamp":1783442695156,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,7]],"date-time":"2006-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine guanine (CpG) dinucleotides motifs act as immune adjuvant and provide means of modulation to immune responses when co\u2010delivered with antigens. They stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. We investigated the immunomodulation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine using CpG ODN as an adjuvant. Mice were immunized with one dose of JE vaccine 0.1\u2003ml with different concentrations (10, 25 and 100\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g) of CpG ODN. The serum antibody level and cytokines were evaluated and compared with mice immunized with two doses of JE vaccine alone. Our studies revealed that anti\u2010JE antibody level in mice immunized with single dose of 0.1\u2003ml JE vaccine and 100\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g CpG ODN were almost equal to mice immunized with two doses of JE vaccine alone. Furthermore, CpG ODN enhanced the production of TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and Th1\u2010mediated cytokines, including IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and IL\u20102 compared with JE vaccine alone. In addition, absence of any significant changes in biochemical, haematological and histological studies suggest that CpG ODN are safe adjuvants for JE vaccine. Therefore, it is inferred that CpG ODN are effective and improve the efficacy of JE vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01793.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,7]],"date-time":"2006-08-07T15:07:18Z","timestamp":1154963238000},"page":"370-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immunomodulation of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Through CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"J. N.","family":"Sidhapuriwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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