{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1788261489619,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chromoblastomycosis is characterized by the slow development of polymorphic skin lesions (nodules, verrucas, tumores, plaques and scar tissue). Inside the host, infectious propagules adhere to epithelial cells and differentiate into sclerotic forms, which effectively resist destruction by host effector cells and allow onset of chronic disease. A cellular immune response against fungi is essential to control infection. Amongst the cells of the immune system, macrophages play the most important role in controlling fungal growth. In this study, we show that the fungicidal characteristic of macrophages is dependent on the fungal species that causes chromoblastomycosis. We began by observing that the phagocytic index was higher for <jats:italic>Fonsecaea pedrosoi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rhinocladiella aquaspersa<\/jats:italic> compared with that of other fungi. Complement\u2010mediated phagocytosis was more important for <jats:italic>Phialophora verrucosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. aquaspersa<\/jats:italic> and was inhibited by mannan when <jats:italic>F. pedrosoi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. aquaspersa<\/jats:italic> conidia were phagocytosed by macrophages. We showed that macrophages killed significantly only <jats:italic>R. aquaspersa<\/jats:italic>. We also found that the phagocytosis of fungi has functional consequences for macrophages as phagocytosis resulted in down\u2010modulation of MHC\u2010II and CD80 expression as well as in the inhibition of the basal liberation of NO. However, the inhibition of the basal liberation of NO nor the down\u2010modulation of MHC and co\u2010stimulatory molecules were observed in the presence of <jats:italic>R. aquaspersa<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01804.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T08:30:14Z","timestamp":1155025814000},"page":"382-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Phagocytosis, Production of Nitric Oxide and Pro\u2010inflammatory Cytokines by Macrophages in the Presence of Dematiaceus Fungi that Causes Chromoblastomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. E. 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