{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:35:55Z","timestamp":1777926955024,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Highly virulent strains of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic> are frequently used as murine models of Chagas\u2019 disease. However, these strains do not fully represent the spectrum of parasites involved in the human infection. In this paper, we analysed parasitaemia, mortality, tissue pathology and parasite\u2010specific IgG serum levels in immune\u2010deficient mice infected with Sylvio X10\/4 parasites, a <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> derived from a chagasic patient that yields very low parasitaemias and in C3H\/HePAS mice induces a chronic cardiopathy resembling the human disease. IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> was identified as a crucial element for parasite control as its absence determined a drastic increase in parasitaemia, tissue parasitism, leukocyte infiltrates at the heart and striated muscles and mortality. The lack of IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> or IL\u201012p40, a molecule shared by IL\u201012 and IL\u201023, also resulted in spinal cord lesions and a progressive paralysis syndrome. Whereas IgG2a was the main Ig isotype in infected C57BL\/6 mice, IL\u201012p40\u2010KO mice produced IgG2a and IgG1 and IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010KO mice produced only IgG1. The IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010protective effect was not essentially mediated by nitric oxide (NO), inasmuch as infected iNOS\u2010KO mice showed no parasitaemia and low tissue damage. Mice deficient in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> or CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells showed an intermediate phenotype with increased mortality and tissue pathology but no parasitaemia. Interestingly, CD28\u2010KO mice were unable to produce anti\u2010<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> IgG antibodies but presented moderate tissue pathology and managed to control the infection. Thus, differently from infections with high virulence parasites, neither IgG, NO nor CD28\u2010mediated signalling are essential for the non\u2010sterile control of Sylvio X10\/4 parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01958.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,22]],"date-time":"2007-06-22T00:23:30Z","timestamp":1182471810000},"page":"297-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["IFN\u2010<i>\u03b3<\/i>, But Not Nitric Oxide or Specific IgG, is Essential for the <i>In vivo<\/i> Control of Low\u2010virulence Sylvio X10\/4 <i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i> Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"C. R. F.","family":"Marinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. N.","family":"Nu\u00f1ez\u2010Apaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Martins\u2010Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. R. B.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. L.","family":"Bombeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Z.","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. R.","family":"Sardinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. R. D.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro735"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"180","article-title":"Pathology of prolonged experimental Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"10","author":"Andrade SG","year":"1968","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Chronic Chagas disease in the mouse. I. Electrocardiographic and morphological patterns of the cardiopathy","volume":"41","author":"Laguens RP","year":"1981","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00202-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2001.0574"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: immunological consequences of parasite modification of host cells","volume":"40","author":"Ribeiro Dos Santos R","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2000.11813580"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00158-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)64761-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","unstructured":"MarinhoCRF.A infec\u00e7\u00e3o murina pelo clone Sylvio X10\/4 deTrypanosoma cruzi: um modelo para estudo da patogenia da doen\u00e7a de Chagas cr\u00f4nica.Doctorate Thesis University of S\u00e3o Paulo:Departamento de Imunologia 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.726"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761988000500064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.7.2246-2248.1989","article-title":"Development of resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi in mice depends on a viable population of L3T4+ (CD4+) T lymphocytes","volume":"57","author":"Araujo FG","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01489.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.12.5129-5133.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(94)00221-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/356338a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.2.717"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.31.2.524-529.1981","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi infection in B\u2010cell\u2010deficient rats","volume":"31","author":"Rodriguez AM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.1.128-134.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2031-2042.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830221006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830220203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.12.4862-4867.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.7.2381-2386.1996","article-title":"Interleukin\u201012\u2010mediated resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi is dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon","volume":"64","author":"Hunter CA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998000100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.1961-1967.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.2.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3131-3137.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.497","article-title":"Studies of Trypanosoma cruzi clones in inbred mice. I. A comparison of the course of infection of C3H\/HEN\u2010 mice with two clones isolated from a common source","volume":"32","author":"Postan M","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Nono caso aut\u00f3ctone de doen\u00e7a de Chagas registrado no estado do Par\u00e1, Brasil (Nota pr\u00e9via)","volume":"1","author":"Silveira F","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hileia Medica, Bel\u00e9m"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(91)90019-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2350-2357.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.308-318.1999","article-title":"Influence of acute\u2010phase parasite load on pathology, parasitism, and activation of the immune system at the late chronic phase of Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"67","author":"Marinho CR","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-212R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63019-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1711"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4081-4089.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1208-1215.1998","article-title":"Defective nitric oxide effector functions lead to extreme susceptibility of Trypanosoma cruzi\u2010infected mice deficient in gamma interferon receptor or inducible nitric oxide synthase","volume":"66","author":"Holscher C","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2252-2259.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(95)00083-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"PU.1 and ICSBP control constitutive and IFN\u2010{gamma}\u2010regulated Tlr9 gene expression in mouse macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Schroder K","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.11.4999-5005.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830240942"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00154.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2000.4498"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.3.1904"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.790"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.2007.01958.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01958.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T09:07:51Z","timestamp":1693386471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01958.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01958.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01958.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-06-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}