{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1775304356094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,20]],"date-time":"2007-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1195516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Earlier studies have shown that the antral immune response in <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection has a mixed Th1\u2010Th2\u2010T\u2010<jats:italic>regulatory<\/jats:italic> profile. After eradication, a chronic inflammation remains in some patients, but a follow\u2010up study with a comprehensive cytokine profile in has not previously been published. Twelve patients with <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> positive peptic ulcer disease (five antral and seven duodenal) were enrolled and cytokine gene expressions in antral biopsies were determined (1) at entry, (2) after resolving the ulcer with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment and (3) after eradication. The second endoscopy was performed 4\u2003weeks after ending the PPI treatment, and the third endoscopy was performed after a mean of 10\u2003months after eradication. Inflammation was graded according to the updated Sydney system. Interleukin (IL)1\u03b2, IL8, IL12A, IL18, TNF\u03b1, IFN\u03b3, IL4, IL6 and IL10 expression levels were analysed by real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR. Mixed mononuclear and neutrophil infiltrates were seen at entry and after ulcer healing. After eradication, low\u2010grade mononuclear infiltrates were found. The cytokine expression levels after ulcer healing (<jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> positive gastritis) were not significantly different from the levels at entry (ulcer). After eradication, attenuation of the Th1 cytokines except for TNF\u03b1 and a persisting increase of IL4 levels were observed, whereas the IL10 expression was markedly reduced. The present data did not indicate a specific ulcer promoting cytokine gene regulation profile. However, after eradication a chronic low\u2010grade inflammation was seen with reduced Th1, prolonged Th2 and disappearance of the T\u2010<jats:italic>regulatory<\/jats:italic> response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.02037.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,20]],"date-time":"2007-11-20T11:51:47Z","timestamp":1195559507000},"page":"57-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Alterations in Antral Cytokine Gene Expression in Peptic Ulcer Patients During Ulcer Healing and After <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> 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