{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T08:08:16Z","timestamp":1759565296874},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]],"date-time":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group A streptococcus (GAS) harbours several virulence factors, including M protein (coded by the <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> gene) and superantigens (SAgs). SAgs are extracellular toxins that directly activate the immune system by cross\u2010binding to the HLA class II molecule and T cell receptor (TCR), thereby causing activation of up to 30% of the T cells and subsequent massive secretion of cytokines. Forty\u2010eight GAS strains isolated from patients at Norwegian hospitals between 1988 and 2004 were included in this study. Of these, 24 were invasive streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) or necrotizing fasciitis (NF) isolates and 24 were non\u2010invasive pharyngitis isolates, matched for having the same T\u2010type and year of isolation as the invasive isolates. The isolates were characterized by <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> sequence typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and SAg gene profiles. A correlation between T\u2010type, <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic> type, sequence type and SAg gene profile was revealed. No difference between invasive and non\u2010invasive isolates regarding serotype or genotype was demonstrated. Selected invasive and non\u2010invasive isolates with identical SAg gene profiles were analysed for SAg activity in bacterial growth culture media with and without human cell culture media added. A human T cell proliferation assay was used as measurement for SAg activity and simultaneously we also measured the cytokine content in normal human peripheral blood leucocyte cell culture media. The results revealed that invasive and non\u2010invasive isolates did not differ significantly in SAg activity as it is present in semipurified bacterial culture medium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02594.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T11:01:11Z","timestamp":1309431671000},"page":"423-429","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Similar Superantigen Gene Profiles and Superantigen Activity in Norwegian Isolates of Invasive and Non\u2010Invasive Group A Streptococci"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"T. E.","family":"Michaelsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. K. G.","family":"Andreasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. 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