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We investigated monocyte\u2010derived DCs from patients with treated (TP) and active PCM (AP) compared with healthy non\u2010PCM donors (CO). DCs from the TP group showed higher expression of HLA\u2010DR, CD86 and DC\u2010SIGN compared with CO, whereas AP showed similar expression to CO. Production of IL\u201010 was downregulated by TNF\u2010\u03b1 in all groups and lower levels were observed in untreated DCs from AP compared with CO. Conversely, IL\u201012p40 was significantly upregulated in the DCs of the TP group. TNF\u2010\u03b1\u2010activated DCs from the CO group produced significantly lower levels of IL\u201012p40 when differentiated from magnetic\u2010sorted monocytes (MACS) compared with adhered monocyte\u2010derived DCs. This comparison in the TP group revealed similar levels of IL\u201012p40, suggesting a T cell\u2013independent increase in the production of IL\u201012p40. Higher expression of surface molecules with increased IL\u201012p40 may indicate a better activation of DCs after the treatment of PCM. Our findings suggest that DCs may be crucial in the protective response to <jats:italic>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> and that <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2010generated DCs might be useful in enhancing antifungal immunity, especially during active PCM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02614.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,20]],"date-time":"2011-08-20T10:43:01Z","timestamp":1313836981000},"page":"609-618","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of Monocyte\u2010Derived Dendritic Cells from Patients with Active and Treated Paracoccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"P. 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